Preface

Biology is a natural phenomenon. When natural conditions meet the needs of organisms' survival, this phenomenon will emerge. The survival and reproduction of organisms are essential for maintaining the existence of biological phenomena. When natural conditions no longer meet the needs of survival, biological phenomena will disappear.

Ecosystems are the result of the development of biological diversity. The inherent balancing mechanism of the ecosystem is the natural environment and the food chain. For a certain organism, the natural environment and other organisms that can affect it together constitute the living environment of this organism.

The survival ability of an organism determines its adaptability to the environment. Since the environment is constantly changing, organisms must adapt to the new environment by changing or developing themselves in order to survive.

Unlike the evolution of other organisms, humans rely on innovation to continuously acquire natural science knowledge and continuously improve their ability to survive by applying this knowledge. This approach is unparalleled, which enables human survival to break through the limitations of the natural environment.

Today, with highly developed science and technology, human beings should not worry about survival, but the reality is not like this. The fundamental reason is that human beings do not have a clear understanding of the relationship between people, and people are constantly competing with each other under the dominance of various competitive cultures that are contrary to social cooperation.

Humans must cooperate in the form of society to survive. Survival is the underlying reason for "Why are we together?" Individuals who rely on society for survival must know basic social common sense, rather than being dominated by a competitive culture that destroys social relations. Any cultural concept that goes beyond "survival" violates the survival principles of human society. It must be pointed out that using culture to control people's thoughts is undoubtedly the most brilliant way to control people, and people who are controlled by culture are unaware of it.

All human cultures are created by humans. The basic elements of culture: language, content, purpose, and service objects. Language and content are explicit; purpose and service objects are implicit. If you want to understand the purpose and service objects of culture, you must conduct an in-depth analysis of the content of culture.

What kind of culture do humans need? Of course, it is scientific culture. Scientific culture is a culture that reflects the essence of objective things and reveals the laws of their operation. Scientific theory is the core component of scientific culture and is a generalized cognitive result of the nature of objective things and their operating laws. Only scientific culture can help humanity correctly understand and address the issues between humans and nature, as well as those between individuals.

Biological survival maintains the existence of biological phenomena. Survival is an instinct that all living organisms must possess. Cooperative survival in the form of social groups is a form of biological survival. Cooperative survival in the form of social groups is a form of biological survival. Consciousness is a response mechanism developed by organisms in response to changing living environments, which gives organisms flexibility in their survival.

The ancestors of mankind chose to survive in the form of social cooperation, and to this day, humans still have to survive in the form of social cooperation. However, the competition culture created by some humans has subverted people's understanding of social cooperation, and laborers are coerced into labor production to ensure the existence of society. Laborers' obedience is actually passive cooperation. Laborers lack social perspective and social culture, and have basically no awareness of such passive cooperation.

Maternal love is the survival instinct of many creatures. Without maternal love, no creature that relies on maternal love to sustain reproduction would exist. Human maternal love is no exception. However, human culture can subvert maternal love and even the instinct of survival.

After humans entered the autocratic society, in order to maintain their ruling status, the rulers created a large amount of autocratic culture that influenced society. Some of these cultures have been continuously passed down and continue to have an influence to this day.

The components of human consciousness: Instinct and culture. From this point, combined with reality, what can we see? Culture dominates almost everything about human beings.

The vast majority of society is made up of laborers, and the social thoughts of workers determine the state of society. Competition or cooperation? Laborers need to make a choice.

Mutual love is one of the basic attributes of a normal society, and it is also the most effective way to solve social problems.

Table of contents

Source of knowledge

Human knowledge comes from human innovation. Human knowledge is accumulated bit by bit. Each knowledge point corresponds to a specific person who creates knowledge. These people rely on their innovative ability to innovate in the field of their thinking, and describe the results in language and words, making them something that can be learned and passed on. Knowledge cannot appear out of thin air. There is knowledge that we don't know who created. For example, who invented the spear thrower? Who invented the bow and arrow? Who invented drilling wood to make fire? However, what is certain is that all inventions must have corresponding inventors. Humanity is lucky. Because people with innovative abilities can continue to appear, human beings can possess ever-increasing new knowledge and apply this new knowledge to continuously improve their ability to survive. So far, humans have accumulated a lot of knowledge, and humans learn and apply this knowledge to improve their lives. We can imagine that if our knowledge suddenly disappears, then we must know nothing except instinct. How do we survive in this situation? Therefore, knowledge is the foundation of our human existence.

Human development is inseparable from innovation. As we grow, we spend many years learning knowledge. The knowledge we learn not only determines our understanding of the world, but also determines our ability to work. Human beings now possess a lot of knowledge, which cannot be fully mastered by one or a few people, because our brains are not that powerful and cannot hold so much knowledge. Despite this, some of us continue to innovate in areas that are familiar to them, creating new knowledge that enriches the human knowledge base. When innovation stops, human development will also stop.

Human innovations have improved human survival capabilities and changed human living conditions. The new living conditions have also affected and changed human beings themselves, such as skin, bones, muscles, brain and other physiological organs. The human body changes simply to adapt to new living conditions. Therefore, the history of human innovation determines the history of human evolution. To understand the history of human evolution, we must take human innovation as the starting point. For example: If we perform strength training regularly, our corresponding muscles will grow stronger than those of those who have not trained. Strength training is part of our survival state, and becoming muscular is our body's response to adapt to this state of existence.

Human innovation is the fundamental reason for human development. Scientific innovations that are beneficial to human survival can promote the development of human beings and human society. For example, human innovation in the natural sciences. Innovations in weapons, especially, have enabled humans to defeat all animals. Of course, humans also use weapons to kill each other. This is unreasonable and stupid behavior when resources can satisfy everyone's survival. Although humans appear to be very smart, they often make stupid mistakes. There must be a reason. Weapons are only tools used in fierce competition. Weapons are useless when competition is not needed. In addition to weapons, there are more innovations in production and life, which have brought an unprecedented superior life to mankind. This is obvious. Pseudo-scientific innovation will not promote human development in any way, but will hinder human development and progress. For example, making up various myths and stories, or theories without any scientific basis, or creating various bad cultural customs, etc. After these things are generally accepted by people, they will constrain or control people's thinking and inhibit their ability to innovate, which is of no benefit to general social individuals and society; of course, this will allow a few people to gain something for nothing, which is the purpose of pseudo-scientific innovation.

The reason why scientific innovation can promote human development is because only scientific innovation can improve human survival ability. Whether it is scientific innovation or pseudo-scientific innovation, they are all things that can be put into people's minds through learning, and they can all play a role in shaping thinking. However, only scientific innovation (scientific thinking) can correctly guide human labor behavior and improve the quality of human life. We know that labor produces the fruits of labor, and the fruits of labor provide everything we need for survival and are the basis for our survival. Pseudo-scientific innovation can also guide people how to think and do it, but it will not guide people to create "labor results". This kind of innovation has nothing to do with producing labor results. If it is related to this, it is that the fruits of laborer's labor inexplicably find their way into the pockets of those who get something for nothing.

Humans initially used branches or sticks as weapons to resist attacks by ferocious beasts. Relying on the simplest innovations, humans enhanced their own security and defense capabilities, allowing humans to successfully survive on the grasslands. Later, humans developed wooden sticks into pointed spears, which gave humans powerful attack power, conquered all land animals, and climbed to the top of the ecological food chain. Later, humans continued to innovate and invented more advanced weapons such as bows and arrows, guns, cannons, rockets, etc. Human beings used these weapons to compete. Competition among species in natural ecology is very cruel, and no species can completely dominate. Because of this, natural ecology can be in a dynamic balance where various organisms coexist. In such a competitive environment, humans can only survive by becoming stronger. In the end, mankind chose the path of innovation, learned how to make weapons to compete, and became the master of the planet with a huge advantage.

Humankind has developed to this day. Relying on continuous innovation, mankind has acquired a lot of natural scientific knowledge. With this knowledge, humans seem to have become omnipotent. However, the existential crisis of mankind is slowly approaching. The initiator of the crisis is humans themselves. The reason is that human beings are too powerful, too greedy, too selfish, and too ignorant (except for natural scientific knowledge). Human beings ignore their relationship with nature and destroy the environment wantonly. Problems begin to arise in the natural environment on which they depend for survival. Human beings do not understand the relationship between people and how to get along with each other. Weapons capable of destroying human beings may be used in fierce conflicts. The number of people that the earth's resources can carry is limited, and the world's population is already very large. When these problems cannot be solved, they may cause large-scale abnormal deaths of human beings, and may also lead to the end of humankind. These problems arise from humans, and humans must face them squarely. To continue to exist on this planet, humans must change. This is the responsibility of everyone, not just a few. Human beings only have one earth, and the earth can be without humans. Human beings are just a kind of creature on the earth. To completely solve the crisis problem, what mankind needs is to find the lost love.

The development process of human beings

The development of mankind has been determined by several important innovations, each of which has greatly improved the living conditions of mankind.

Human origins

The emergence of humans on earth is determined by four key factors: Ancient apes, forests, grasslands and an ancient ape with innovative ability

The evolution of ancient apes into humans means that ancient apes had to leave the forest and live on the grassland. And they must have the ability to survive on the grassland. Ancient apes can use the traditional evolutionary model of physical evolution to make themselves faster, more flexible, stronger, etc. to improve their survival ability and adapt to the grassland environment. Obviously, this is not the evolutionary model of humans. The ancestors of humans adopted a completely different model from the traditional model - the innovation model. Through innovation, the ancestors of humans learned to use tools to quickly improve their survival ability on the grassland.

Innovation is accidental, so the emergence of human beings on the earth is an accidental event. If the ancient ape with the ability to innovate did not appear, there would be no human beings on the earth. We can even assume that there are ancient apes, forests, grasslands widely distributed on the earth. Humans will appear in that place only if the ancient ape with the ability to innovate appears in that place. The two ancient apes in different places thought at the same time that "holding branches and sticks can resist beasts and survive in the grasslands", and this possibility is almost equal to 0. A horizontal comparison at a certain moment in human history can illustrate this point. The level of human development is very unevenly distributed in various regions. The more closed the place, the more backward it is. The reason is that they can't innovate and cannot obtain new knowledge. Even now, high-tech that has not been made public is not something that anyone can obtain if they want to innovate, even if there is a clear purpose. Of course not, there are no trees there, there are large beasts there, and it is too dangerous. Did human ancestors do this intentionally? Of course not, but had to. It's a big adventure, which animal doesn't cherish its life? However, relying on innovation, human ancestors succeeded. Thus, humans were born.

The first important innovation

Use tools for defense

Human ancestors used branches or sticks as defensive weapons. This innovation has improved human beings' own security and defense capabilities, allowing humans to venture out of the jungle and survive in the grassland environment. In addition, the impact on humans themselves is leading to upright walking.

The ancestors of human beings were a group of ancient apes holding branches in their hands. They were almost indistinguishable from the ancient apes in the jungle in appearance. But they have mastered a survival method obtained through innovation: that is, using tools to improve their survival ability, and they must rely on tools to survive. The ancient apes in the jungle do not understand this method of survival at all. This is a fundamental difference. The ancient apes that mastered this survival method should be called humans. They were the beginning of a new species, embarking on an evolutionary path completely distinct from other animals, utilizing their innovative abilities. The biggest difference between humans and other animals is that humans had to rely on tools to survive, and this is still true for humans today.

Humans use and rely on tools to survive. In the process of human evolution, humans are not only affected by the natural environment. At the same time, the use of tools by humans also affects themselves, and the impact is greater than the natural environment.

The branch must be held in the hand, resulting in humans having to walk upright. Because of the need to adapt to the upright walking posture, the human body gradually undergoes changes, typically changes in bones and muscles. This is a step-by-step process. The development of this process was remarkably slow, taking perhaps millions of years until the human body structure fully adapted to an upright posture. Although walking upright is a prominent feature of human beings, it is not human instinct. Walking on all fours is human instinct. Human infants do not need to learn to walk on all fours (crawl). Walking upright is a skill that requires a process of learning and exercise. Human babies must go through the process of learning to walk upright: exercising their leg muscles and mastering the ability to balance their bodies upright. Due to the universality of human beings walking upright, people often ignore that they have a process of learning to walk upright, not to mention that we do not remember such a process. From this point of view, our human walking upright is a subjective behavior controlled by consciousness. We are like this now, and our ancestors must have been like this too. We can understand it this way; we want to walk upright because we want to use our hands for other things. Of course, our ancestors were also like this. They needed to hold weapons with both hands. This was the fundamental prerequisite for ensuring safe survival on the grasslands, so walking upright became an inevitable result.

Human ancestors foraged from jungles to grasslands, and their food was still mainly plants. They are not natural hunters and do not have the ability to continuously obtain meat. They only obtain meat occasionally. This is not important, what is important is that human ancestors were able to eat meat. In fact, many plant-eating animals can eat meat. Since their diet was primarily plant-based, the digestive system of human ancestors must have been highly adapted to digesting plants, a characteristic that can be observed in the modern human digestive system, such as the molars for grinding food and longer intestines, among others. Whether it is grassland or jungle, the plant fruiting period is only a short period of time in the plant's physiological cycle. During this time, human ancestors could feed on plant fruits, but in the period when plant fruits were not available, they had to rely on other parts of plants, primarily those rich in fiber. Therefore, the digestive system of human ancestors had to possess the ability to digest fiber; otherwise, food shortages would have posed a threat to the survival of the entire population. The digestive system's ability to digest food is also a reflection of their survival capabilities.

The initial social state of human beings:

Coming to the grasslands, humans basically continued the social state of the ancient apes, that is, they cooperated and coexisted in the form of small group tribes. The ability of human individuals to survive independently is very low. In the jungle, a person can use his tree-climbing instinct to avoid natural enemies; in the grassland, facing predators such as lions or hyenas, even holding a branch is not enough to ensure his own safety. Group cooperation is the only option.

A cooperative group requires individuals to have a sense of group responsibility. Mutual love is the basic emotion that maintains the existence of the group, and mutual assistance is the basic behavior that guarantees the existence of the group. For ancient humans, without cultural troubles and restrictions, their sense of group responsibility was a simple and complete consensus. In other words, due to the cruel reality of the living environment, survival is the only purpose of individuals, and clustering is the only way. Is there any infighting within the group? Of course there are, such as the competition for mating rights and group leaders, which seems to be harmful to the group. In fact, it is not the case. The strength of an individual is often attributed to having superior genetic qualities that can be passed down through reproduction. The strength of the next generation further contributes to the survival of the group. Strong and experienced leaders are necessary because while there is cooperation within the group, there is also competition between groups, including competition with other organisms. In such a competitive state, a strong and experienced leader can highlight competitive advantages, which in turn aids in the survival of the group. This manifestation of internal genetic advantages in the face of external competition is observed universally in various animal groups.

The second important innovation

Use tools to hunt

A certain ancient individual realized that a sharpened wooden stick (spear) was a deadly weapon. Using such weapons, humans have the ability to hunt other animals. Through hunting, humans obtained energy-rich meat. At the same time, human beings' living conditions have changed from passive defense to active hunting, thus changing their position in the food chain in the natural ecological environment, and eventually becoming the top predator. It is also worth mentioning the manufacture and use of stone tools. For example, a sharp spear tip made of stone tied to one end of a wooden stick is more lethal than a wooden spear. Of course, this is just an improvement on the weapon to make it more advanced. The acquisition and use of fire has also made great changes in the living conditions of mankind. For example, humans left Africa to survive in the north where winters are colder. With these innovations, humans have become increasingly capable of surviving, surpassing all land animals. However, humans are still subject to the natural ecology until humans have the ability to transform the natural ecology.

Effects on humans themselves: disappearance of body hair, changes in feeding habits.

After realizing the lethality of spears, humans gained stronger defense and attack power. Humans began chasing and killing the animals they could, eating them to satisfy their own food needs.

Hunting is a job that requires skill. No animal is waiting for human beings to kill it. If animals sense danger, they will hide or run away. If they realize humans are dangerous, they will keep a safe distance from humans. Staying away from danger is a basic principle of survival, and animals understand it. In open grasslands, most animals have the ability to run very fast. Because humans walk upright, they have lost the ability to run fast. No matter how much they exercise, their running speed is far lower than that of most grassland animals. Small animals like hares are much faster than humans. But in order to eat meat, humans have to solve this problem.

The main purpose of herbivores running is to avoid being hunted. As long as they can maintain a safe distance from predators, there is no need to continue running. Animals will sometimes run when there is no danger, but that may be for exercise or entertainment. Running consumes more energy than walking, and energy needs to be replenished by food. Finding food coexists with danger (predators), so they will not consume more energy at will. The same is true for carnivores. As predators, they rely on a combination of speed and skill. Chasing prey over long distances not only consumes more energy, but may not necessarily capture the prey. If they go without food for a long time, they themselves will get into trouble. Therefore, methods that consume excessive energy are basically not used by animals. In addition, many animals have long and dense body hair, which can protect the skin and keep the body warm. Insulation can reduce body heat loss. Vigorous exercise of animals will generate a large amount of heat. If the heat is not dissipated in time, the body temperature will rise. Too high a body temperature is fatal to the animal. Therefore, the thermal insulation function of body hair also limits the ability of animals to run long distances.

For animals to survive, food and safety are essential. All animals need food to provide the energy they need to survive. Therefore, in the survival activities of animals, obtaining food is a basic behavior. Herbivores search for food, and wherever there is plenty of food, there are predators. Herbivores are at risk of being hunted by predators while feeding. When carnivores hunt herbivores, they may also be injured by the herbivores' counterattack. Whether they are herbivores or carnivores, food is not so easy to obtain, so reducing energy consumption is a common measure taken by animals to survive. Many animals are like this. When food is easy to get, they will eat as much as possible and convert energy into fat to store in their bodies. Some animals will store food when there is more food.

There are two ways to hunt animals with a spear, one is by stabbing and the other is by throwing. Wooden spears are only lethal when thrown within a short distance. If the distance is slightly further, the thrown wooden spear will roll over, thus losing its lethality. Therefore, for ancient humans using wooden spears to successfully capture prey, they had to be close enough to the prey. How could ancient humans get close enough to their prey? There is only one simple way: find the prey; stalk the prey; chase the prey. For ancient humans who had no hunting experience, the initial hunting method must have been the simplest. Other advanced hunting methods need to be explored, innovated, and learned in subsequent hunting practices. For hunting, this is an inevitable process of accumulating relevant knowledge.

Initially, ancient humans could only choose animals that were easy to capture, such as turtles, hedgehogs, porcupines and other slower-moving animals. Even if such animals had unique protective measures, they were almost useless for the wooden spears in the hands of ancient humans. When ancient humans hunted such slow-moving animals, although they did not run and chase a lot, prey was not available everywhere. Ancient humans would spend a lot of time and walk many roads to find prey. Although walking is not strenuous exercise, it consumes energy and generates heat. Faster walking will generate relatively more heat, and the heat cannot be dissipated in time, causing the body temperature to rise. The first ancient humans had a lot of body hair that had a thermal insulation effect. When their body temperature rose, the ancient humans had to stop and rest to cool down. When ancient humans first started hunting, it is certain that they did not have much hunting experience, coupled with the limitation of body heat dissipation, this means that the success rate of ancient humans in catching prey in the early stages of hunting was unstable, sometimes more, sometimes less, or even none. Meat is a very tempting food. It has higher nutrients that can be digested and absorbed by the body than crude fiber plants. Only a small amount of meat is needed to meet the daily survival needs. Ancient humans would have obtained such food whenever possible.

Herbivores mainly feed on grass plants. Grassland is an ideal feeding place for herbivores, so there will be more herbivores in the grassland. However, places with many herbivores are also ideal places for carnivores to obtain food. Therefore, there are more herbivores and carnivores in grasslands. Grasslands, herbivores and carnivores constitute the basic grassland ecology. Of course, an ecosystem is complex and there are many species in the system, which will all have an impact on it. Carnivores are the main safety threat to herbivores. Herbivores have evolved various ways to deal with this problem. For example, run faster, grow bigger, grow horns or longer teeth, dig holes in the ground, etc. However, individuals such as the old, weak, sick, disabled, and young, as well as individuals with low safety awareness and low security capabilities, will become food for predators. It is not easy for carnivores to kill their prey. They may even be attacked by herbivores with long tusks or horns; they may not be able to catch up with those that run fast; they may not be able to catch those hiding in caves. Hunting experience is very important for carnivores and they need to learn as they grow. In short, it is not easy for both herbivores and carnivores to obtain food safely. Food is hard to come by, so animals will try to exercise as little as possible and dissipate as little heat as possible to avoid consuming too much energy. Body hair is a measure commonly used by animals to reduce body heat loss. Animal body hair, especially the thicker kind, is mainly used to slow down heat loss. When animals are not exercising, they still need to consume energy to maintain metabolism to maintain a normal and basically constant body temperature. If exercise causes the body temperature to rise, the insulation effect of body hair will make it difficult for the skin to dissipate heat, so they must stop to dissipate heat through rapid breathing. .

There are three main ways for the body to dissipate heat: breathing, skin, and sweat evaporation. When the body is exercising intensely, a large amount of heat will be generated. When neither breathing heat dissipation nor skin heat dissipation can reduce the body temperature to normal, sweat heat dissipation will work. This heat dissipation method is more efficient than the first two. The bodies of most species of animals are covered with dense body hair for insulation and have few or no sweat glands. They mainly rely on breathing to dissipate heat. If strenuous exercise causes their body temperature to rise, they must stop and breathe rapidly to dissipate the excess heat. Primates have relatively many sweat glands in their skin. This is caused by long-term living habits. They need to often climb and jump in trees. This behavior consumes more energy and generates more heat than walking on the grassland. They need sweat to help dissipate heat, so the sweat glands have evolved relatively well. The bodies of ancient humans inherited this characteristic.

If ancient humans wanted to hunt, they would have to chase animals. Whether walking briskly or running, strenuous exercise is unavoidable and the body will generate a lot of heat. In this case, thick body hair appears useless and blocks heat dissipation, while sweat glands become increasingly beneficial. As ancient humans gradually accumulated hunting experience, their success rate in capturing prey became higher and higher, and meat gradually replaced plants as the staple food of ancient humans. In other words, ancient humans experienced a process of daily hunting behavior from less to more, until the ancient humans' way of survival was mainly hunting. The increase in hunting behavior is mainly reflected in the increase in the amount of movement. Then the bodies of ancient humans would inevitably adapt to such a changing process of hunting behavior and undergo corresponding changes. Obviously, in this process, body heat dissipation caused by increased exercise is the most prominent problem, so long and dense body hair does not help heat dissipation and has the opposite effect. As a result, it gradually degenerates and becomes thinner and shorter. The sweat glands continue to proliferate to dissipate more and more heat. In addition, changes in the daily food of ancient humans also had an impact on their digestive systems. The most important thing is that after meat and other high-energy foods can meet human needs, ancient humans no longer feed on crude fiber foods. Over time, the human digestive system loses the function of digesting crude fiber foods.

The human body has a good ability to dissipate heat, but animals with thick body hair do not. The objects hunted by humans may be very fast, but stopping to cool down after running for a period of time is what they have to do. Humans can continue to run without stopping. Although the running speed is relatively slow, they can eventually catch up with their target prey. In fact, humans are bound to do this. Ancient humans couldn't hunt their prey if they couldn't catch up it. I am afraid that only humans can hunt in this way. The main reason is that it is difficult to increase the running speed due to the upright posture. One might think of raiding, a common mode of hunting for animals, and that's because the predators are fast. Humans can't.

It is a very long process for humans to go from hunting layman to hunting expert. Every advancement in human hunting technology is accompanied by an innovation. Every innovation corresponds to a person with innovative capabilities. Without this person, technology would stagnate and new relevant knowledge would not emerge. Human evolution did not choose to make their bodies faster, stronger and more flexible, but chose to innovate, using tools to make themselves powerful and invincible to make their own survival easier. But innovation is not easy. Human intelligence is not greatly improved overnight, but has undergone a long evolutionary process. During this period, the human brain needs the improvement of memory ability, understanding ability and thinking ability, that is, the improvement of learning ability that normal people have. At the same time, a more important point is the evolution of the brain itself, that is, the increase in brain volume. Otherwise, it is difficult for a small head to carry more and more information that needs to be processed by the brain. The evolutionary development of the human brain is inseparable from the steady access to food, which is the only source of nutrients needed for brain growth. Therefore, the human brain, the ability to learn, the ability to obtain food, and the ability to innovate complement each other and promote each other.

The upright posture of the legs, the good heat dissipation ability, the sharp spear, the close group cooperation, and the continuous technological innovation have achieved the special hunting pattern of human beings and the evolutionary route completely different from other animals. When humans hold branches, they can resist the attacks of carnivores. When humans hold spears, carnivores may also become human food. Of course, human beings did not become hunting masters overnight, which requires human beings to explore bit by bit, to understand bit by bit, and to innovate step by step.

Humans go from walking fast to find prey to running and chasing prey to become their daily survival mode, and human beings themselves will evolve to adapt to such a survival mode, until human skin can sweat profusely, while body hair is almost imperceptibly degraded. The changes in the human body in this process are too slow and take too long. It is impossible for us to feel such a process of change. We thought we were the way we were. Until human beings study their own past, wondering why the body hair is gone?

Innovation is the foundation of human development, and cooperation is the foundation of human existence. Innovators are just one of the collaborators, and they are ordinary laborer. Like all laborers, silently dedicate their labor achievement to the survival of human beings. It was so in the past and it is still so.

Stone is harder than wood and can easily be rough worked to form sharp edges. Using such edges, it is easy to cut animal skin and process wood. Ancient humans suddenly understood this one day and began to make and use stone tools. They bundled long, pointed stones and sticks into new spears, which were much sharper than wooden spears and increased the lethality of the weapon. With this more advanced weapon, ancient humans could hunt large animals with relative ease. Large animals have thick and sturdy hides that are not easily pierced by wooden spears. Hunting large animals with a wooden spear is very difficult. Ancient humans also used stones to make other tools, such as stone knives, stone axes, etc. The use of these tools made certain things much easier than in the past. For example, use a stone knife to cut prey, use a stone axe to cut down solid branches, and so on. In short, each innovation made the survival of ancient humans easier than in the past.

The use of fire is also a very important innovation of ancient humans. Fire can cook meat; fire can be used for heat; fire can be used for lighting, fire can scare away beasts, and so on. Humans left Africa to survive in the north. The winter in the north is very cold, and humans need fire to keep warm.

According to the conclusion of modern scientific research, Africa is the birthplace of mankind, and people from other continents can trace their origins to Africa. In other words, the innovator who determined the emergence of human beings on the earth was the one who led the first innovation of human beings. He appeared in Africa. Therefore, humans first thrived in Africa. But why did some humans leave Africa? The answer is simple: survive.

Human survival, like the survival of other animals, requires two elements: food and safety. Food depends on the supply of natural ecology and the ability of humans to obtain food. Security depends on the human capacity for self-defense. When humans hold spears in their hands, other animals cannot pose a threat to humans. The security threat at this time can only come from humans killing each other. Humans love to kill each other? Of course not, this is not in line with the principle of survival. If human beings liked to kill their own kind, there would be no human beings. Even if ancient humans killed each other, their purpose was to survive. Killing each other is almost impossible within a tribe, but possible between tribes. That is only possible when competition between tribes involves the life and death of the tribe. This may happen, for example, when food is scarce. Digression: The technological level of modern mankind is fully capable of meeting everyone's survival needs. However, incidents of human beings killing each other continue to occur, ranging in scale from large to small. The animal said: I can't understand. Human beings, do you know?

Human babies are afraid to see strangers. This is instinct. This instinct is not without reason. Many animals have instincts, which are based on the instinct of survival. Many oviparous fish, frogs, etc., do not need care after hatching and can rely on instinct to survive. It is amazing, but also very common, to record information that is beneficial to survival in genes and passes it on to the next generation. Human babies are no exception. Their instincts are also conducive to survival. This instinct can illustrate a problem involving survival. Ancient humans lived in the form of tribes, and members of the tribe were cooperative, familiar with each other and without threat. But the relationship between tribes is competitive, and it is easy for competition to arise, leading to conflicts. Ancient humans lived in the form of tribes, and members of the tribe were cooperative, familiar with each other and without threat. However, the relationship between tribes is a relationship of competition, and it is easy to compete, resulting in conflict. The ancient apes before ancient humans also existed in the form of tribes, with cooperation within tribes and competition among tribes. Tribes know each other and there is no threat; tribes do not know each other, and there may be threats. Babies' instincts should reflect this. As for when this instinct was genetically recorded, I am afraid it cannot be verified.

Why did humans leave Africa? There is only one reason; it must be a survival problem. That could be a direct lack of food issue, or it could be a competitive security issue caused by lack of food. The solution to this problem seems simple: go where there is food. According to research, humans have not left Africa many times, which show that it is not easy to go out of Africa, and it is an extremely risky journey. Modern maps indicate that ancient humans had to go through hundreds of kilometers of deserts to get out of Africa. Without water or food, it would have been very difficult for ancient humans to leave Africa safely. In the ancient human period, what that place looks like is unknown. Maybe better, maybe worse.

Before leaving Africa, humans had already become super predators. As long as there are enough prey, humans will get enough food, and the number of humans will grow indefinitely. However, the scope of natural ecology is limited, and the number of any living thing in a natural ecosystem is limited. Obviously, the food that natural ecology can provide to humans is limited. Subject to the natural ecology, the number of human beings cannot grow indefinitely. Ancient humans had no knowledge in this area, let alone the principles behind it. Ancient humans had no knowledge in this area, let alone the principles behind it. Their only concern is their own survival and reproduction. Of course, this is all derived from biological instinct. (In fact, modern humans are still like this, and the natural ecology has been basically destroyed. Now we are destroying the natural environment on which we live. Some people say go to Mars and transform Mars. Let's save the earth first. We can't go anywhere. ) Therefore, relying on their own strength, what ancient humans would do is to hunt as much as they want and reproduce as much as they want. Until one day, it was difficult to find animals to hunt. As a result, the disaster caused by their own actions befell the ancient humans themselves. Lack of food led to a sharp decline in the population of ancient humans, which would not stop until the natural ecology reached a new balance. Human beings are unchecked super hunters in the natural ecology. They not only lead to the extinction of some species, but also put themselves in a difficult state of survival. Due to lack of food, ancient humans ventured out of Africa, but only a few succeeded.

Although ancient humans became super predators after mastering advanced weapons, their range of activities was still restricted by the natural environment. For example, humans must live near water sources. It is difficult for humans to survive in places where water is difficult to obtain.

Humans came to the northern continent, which is an ideal place to survive except for the colder winter. There are forests, grasslands, and many animals that live there. After humans get there, they can only rely on the survival skills they have already mastered, that is, hunting. Due to sufficient food, it was very easy for humans to live there at first, and the population gradually increased. However, human beings still need to face the contradiction between natural ecological resources and population growth. Therefore, in order to hunt, humans follow the footprints of animals and slowly move northward.

Due to sufficient food, it was very easy for humans to live there at first, and the population gradually increased. We know that the higher the latitude, the longer the winter and the colder the weather. If ancient humans wanted to spend the winter in the north, they needed to solve two problems: heating and food. Heating is not a big problem, fire can solve it, and at the same time they can wear animal skins to keep warm. Food is the biggest problem. Can food be stockpiled by solving this problem? Of course can. I just don't know if the ancients at that time figured out how to store it. It can be assumed that they have a way to stock up on food. The food that needs to be stored is mainly meat, which needs to be obtained by hunting. Other types of food, such as plant seeds, nuts, etc. , must be very few if not grown on a large scale, and it is difficult to meet the demand. Before winter came, ancient humans had to carry out large-scale hunting and quickly store enough food for winter. If stored too early, the meat will rot and become inedible. Even if ancient humans were able to store food, there would still be problems. Can they get enough reserve meat before each winter? How many winters can it last? In particular, after the local ecological balance was destroyed by ancient humans, the acquisition of meat can only become more and more difficult. Until one winter, they won't be able to get through because they don't have enough food. In the winter in the north, walking on the soft snow is very difficult, let alone running. The ancient man's advantage of running continuously was gone. But northern animals can. Ancient humans wanted to hunt in winter with thick snow on the ground, which was too difficult and completely beyond their ability. Therefore, after the ancient humans living in the north destroyed the local ecological balance and entered an environment where they could not survive, they only faced death. Could ancient humans eat tree bark? The answer is no. Their digestive systems have long lost the ability to digest crude fiber. Humanity has achieved invincibility through innovation, but it cannot escape the constraints of natural ecology. Once the natural ecology is affected by humans and becomes unbalanced, humans will face a situation where it is difficult to obtain food.

In Africa, after humans became super predators, they had the ability to hunt at will on the grasslands and develop themselves. The larger the population, the more food is needed. The food that the natural ecology can provide to humans is limited. When the number of humans reaches a certain level, it will inevitably lead to the rapid collapse of the natural ecology. This is mainly manifested in the sharp decline in the number of animals that can be hunted by humans, and humans cannot obtain enough food. As a result, the number of human beings also decreased rapidly. Due to the warm climate of the four seasons in large parts of Africa, even after the natural ecological imbalance, a small number of people can still find food, such as insects, nuts, and a small amount of animals. The ecological environment in Africa is not so bad that there is no food at all. Therefore, ancient humans living in Africa were not at risk of extinction. But the north is different. A severe winter with thick snow will make it impossible for humans to obtain food at all. Ancient humans may have gone to higher latitudes, but that was only the end of their lives.

After humans become super predators, no matter where they go, with their powerful hunting ability, after a period of time, they will definitely cause a large decrease in local animals. After this happens, the population will also decrease rapidly due to the inability to obtain enough food. When the human population decreases, the threat to the survival of animals will also decrease, and the number of animals will increase. When the number of animals reaches a certain level, humans are able to hunt prey again, thus inhibiting the continued increase in the number of animals. Then, basically maintain an ecological balance with the participation of super predator humans. In this state of equilibrium, it is not easy for human beings to survive and must be supplemented with plant foods. Humans will be in a state of semi-starvation. When there is more food, they eat more and store energy in the form of fat; when there is less food, they eat less and consume fat to meet their own energy needs. The natural ecology is actually a life-and-death competitive environment. Whether it is humans as the top predators or other beasts, they are all restricted by the inherent laws of the natural ecology. No one can survive comfortably.

Sudden changes in the natural environment have a huge impact on the natural ecology. The natural conditions for biological survival in the natural ecology, such as temperature, water, air, sunlight, etc. , must meet the appropriate range of conditions. Once survival conditions are exceeded, ecological disasters may occur. Mass extinction events before the emergence of humans should be related to mutations in the natural environment. Although humans are a species in the natural ecology, their ability to innovate has given them super abilities. With their ability to obtain everything they want, human beings have had a huge impact on the natural ecology and even led to the extinction of many species. Human food comes entirely from natural ecology. Therefore, human beings are completely controlled by the natural ecology and can only be at the mercy of the natural ecology. Like other animals in the natural ecology, they are wandering on the edge of life and death. However, one person's innovation once again completely changed the fate of human beings, and human beings have the ability to control the natural ecology since then. This innovation is the invention of agriculture.

The state of human society at this stage

Humans still maintain a state of group cooperation in the form of tribes.

The third important innovation

Agriculture

Since then, human beings have the ability to transform the natural ecology.

Millions of years after the birth of mankind, according to scientific research, just over 10,000 years ago, a smart person invented the planting technology based on the growth characteristics of plants, that is, agriculture. Today, we still rely on agriculture to survive, which provides us with food, vegetables, fruits, and more. It's just that our planting technology is more advanced. If there was no accidental appearance of that smart person at that time, would we still be chasing beasts for food? Of course, human development is impossible without innovation.

After the invention of agriculture, human beings entered a new period of development, and almost everything changed.

Due to the application of agricultural planting technology, a unit area of land can feed more people, human beings abandoned the small tribal society and gradually formed a large and complicated society.

In primitive tribal society, powerful tribes would compete for the territory of nearby tribes because of their tight territorial resources. This will lead to a fierce conflict between the two sides, and the victor will not accept and integrate the loser, but will kill or expel them. Even if there is integration, it is partial integration. This is similar to the living form of other social animals in the natural ecology, and it is the survival mode determined by the natural ecology. We can call it the laws of nature. That is, the survival of the fittest. After the invention of agriculture, this changed. Instead of killing all the losers, the victorious side forces them to become their own slaves and work for themselves. It was also an invention: slavery. This invention is still used in some areas, but it is more clever in its application, and there is no substantial change.

The invention of agriculture was accompanied by the invention of slavery, and the victorious side in conflicts no longer had to kill the defeated side, although they could have done so. For human society, slavery is not a good thing after all. Slavery has completely changed human perception of society, and the group cooperation that has persisted for millions of years has been replaced by an alternative slavery, which completely destroys the relationship between people. The cultural ideas that accompanied slavery still hurt human beings to this day. But humans don't know it.

Since agriculture can provide enough food, the more people engaged in agricultural production, the more food produced. Although the initial agricultural productivity was low, the yield of food was sufficient to allow a few individuals to reap the benefits without labor. Compared with the difficult living conditions of hunting in the past, the days of getting something for nothing are very comfortable. One way to get something for nothing is to loot. The hunting tribes that did not understand agriculture had almost no reserves, which was equivalent to nothing. Therefore, there were no conditions for looting at that time. Another method is slavery. Tribes with agricultural skills can easily get enough food through farming, and it is easier to develop and grow than hunting tribes. When they were strong enough to defeat a neighboring hunting tribe, they would go to occupy the hunting tribe's territory and turn the captives into their slaves. A small number of slaves are not enough. In order to maximize the benefits, what they want to do is to occupy more territory and have more slaves. At the same time, they have to consider how to control the territory and how to manage slaves. In this way, there are managers and the managed in a society, that is, the rulers and the ruled. This is the embryonic form of an autocratic society, a new social form, and a deformed social form. This kind of society cannot eliminate the contradiction between the manager and the managed, so this kind of society is unstable.

The invention of 'slavery' determined the establishment of an autocratic society. A single tribal society will not transform into an autocratic society. Because there is a tacit cooperative relationship between tribe members, tribe members have a basic group view, that is, the existence of the individual must depend on the group. There is a clear competitive relationship between different tribes. This competition is especially obvious when survival resources are scarce in the tribal territory, which is a life-and-death struggle between tribes. This is the natural law of survival. Turning captured enemy personnel into slaves obviously violates the natural laws of survival; the fundamental reason is that tribes with agricultural cultivation technology have the ability to escape the control of natural ecology. Slavery is proof that mankind is out of the control of natural law. In fact, slavery is a simple invention, perhaps just an idea generated by the inventor who has a little more sympathy for the enemy.

When the rulers lived a good life of unearned income through enslavement, the question they thought about was how to maintain this state. They did their best to think about this, so they invented the penalty, law, culture, currency and so on. These inventions have a clear purpose, which is to solve the problem of how rulers manage the ruled in order to maintain their dominance. Everything starts from the ruler's own interests. This is the basic ruling ideology. Make slaves obey the ruler, like the ruler, and even protect the ruler to the death. We wonder how this is possible. However, the rulers did it through innovation.

In order to maintain autocratic rule, rulers would do everything possible to make slaves obey. At first, they could only use the simplest and most direct means of violence. There are many methods of violence, such as various physical tortures and even killings. This is the most basic and barbaric way to control slaves. Initially, the number of slaves was small, and the rulers had to personally manage the slaves, such as supervising slave labor and disciplining disobedient slaves, which required a certain amount of energy and physical effort from them. However, after the number of slaves is large, the energy and physical strength of the ruler to manage the slaves will not be enough. So the ruler came up with an idea. They chose from among the slaves those who would obey them completely as their minions, and made them perform the duties of slave management. In this way, the basic structure of the slavery management system was formed. After continuous improvement by the ruler, a top-to-bottom pyramid-type multi-level management system was finally formed: including the ruling group composed of the ruler (slave owner) and minions at all levels, as well as the slaves who were ruled. The ruling group does not need to engage in labor production, and their survival needs are provided by the labor production of slaves. In addition, the security of the ruling group was also the responsibility of the slaves. In fact, slaves are the foundation of authoritarian societies.

The ruling group controls the distribution of the fruits of slave labor, and in order to enjoy a rich and superior life, the ruling group will tend to allocate more to itself. When slaves do not get enough distribution to survive, slaves will struggle with the ruling group for survival, as a result, the foundation of autocratic society will be shaken, and society will eventually collapse.

Why didn't human beings develop authoritarian societies during the hunting period?

Conditions for the emergence of autocracy:

1. The labor output of some people can meet the survival needs of all people.

2. The laborers can still work even if their personal freedom is restricted to a certain extent.

3. The laborers cannot resist.

These points cannot be satisfied in the hunting era. First of all, hunting is inefficient, and it is difficult to satisfy everyone's survival by relying only on the labor of some people; secondly, hunters can only hunt with complete personal freedom. Furthermore, the hunter must have a weapon in his hand.

Important innovations during the authoritarian society period: Writing, law, culture, money, taxes.

Writing is a tool for recording and expressing language using visual symbols.

Language is a tool that uses sound to convey information. Not only humans use this method, but many animals use this method. Human language has continuously developed and is much more complex than animal language. Animals need to convey some information directly related to survival, such as early warning, courtship, foraging, etc. Human beings were like this in the beginning. Since humans have the ability to continuously innovate, each new innovation requires humans to express and deliver new information related to it. The main way for humans to transmit information is language. New information requires new language vocabulary to express. Therefore, the content of human language will increase as the amount of information that needs to be transmitted increases. The development of human language is also closely related to innovation.

When humans use language to transmit information, there will be some problems. For example, when expressing information, there may be situations where it cannot be described timely and accurately; when information is transmitted, there may be situations where it is unclear or interfered with; there may be situations where information is received that is unclear or incomprehensible; the brain's memory of information is unreliable, etc. As the amount of information increases, such problems will become more and more prominent. To solve this problem, writing was invented. Of course, this is also innovation, an innovation made from scratch. During the human hunting period, what humans needed to master were the survival skills innovative by their predecessors. Since the amount of information was small and the complexity of the information was low, it was easily mastered by the brain. In addition, information exchange is mainly concentrated within the tribe. The tribe has a small number of people, and information can easily be conveyed to everyone through sound. Therefore, humans did not have a necessity for the use of written language. The evolution of the human brain should be closely related to the increasing amount of information.

The amount of information suddenly increased after the formation of autocracy. This was mainly due to the many innovations in the management of slaves by the ruling group, and the related information involved in this area exploded. The most important thing for autocratic rulers was to maintain their rule over their slaves. This involves how to manage slaves and how to make slaves obey the will of the ruler. Although the use of violent means to make slaves obey is very effective, it is time-consuming and labor-intensive and can easily trigger slave resistance, which is not conducive to the stability of rule. So the ruler came up with an idea: set rules for slaves, and slaves who broke the rules would be punished accordingly, so as to regulate the slaves' behavior. This is the rudiment of the law. Of course, this is an innovation that did not exist in the past. The initial rules were simple. As various situations emerged in the process of managing slaves, the simple rules were continuously improved and increased by the rulers and eventually developed into laws for the rulers to restrain the behavior of slaves. Regardless of rules or laws, they must be recorded in writing before they can be used as a basis for repeated reference. If words are not used, then the rules and laws must be memorized by the brain, which is obviously not feasible. In addition, rulers will also carefully design some fictitious myths, the main content of which is the rational source of the ruler's status. The purpose is to rationalize their ruling status and eliminate the doubts of the ruled about the ruler's status. This kind of story will also be recorded in writing so that it can be told to the ruled repeatedly (it can only be made up in the beginning). As the social systems controlled by rulers became more complex, more and more needed to be recorded. In short, the increase in the amount of information and the necessity to record certain information is what led to the creation of writing. Writing plays an irreplaceable role in the recording and transmission of information. It was and still is.

Writing, law and story making are all innovations, the innovations of the rulers. These innovations are different from innovations in natural sciences. Innovations in natural sciences are consistent with natural science theories and can be repeatedly verified in the practice of nature. In terms of classification, these innovations are related to shaping people's thoughts and have an impact on the relationships between people in society. They should be attributed to social sciences. Their role in society is consistent with the principles of social sciences and can be verified in social practice. (Culture shapes minds, and minds dominate behaviors. When a certain culture is accepted by a person's brain, then this culture becomes a part of that person's mind. What kind of culture shapes what kind of mind.) Autocratic rulers mainly consider their own interests, they will only innovate for their own interests, therefore, their innovations have a clear purpose. For example, how to make themselves more comfortable, how to make slaves more obedient, how to make slaves more willing to work, how to make slaves fear and worship the ruler, and how to expand the territory of rule, etc.

Once a totalitarian society is established, the authoritarian rulers gain complete control over the societal wealth, which is essentially the fruit of slave labor. The rulers according to their own will distribute the societal wealth, and shape the entire society into a service system centered around themselves. This is the method through which authoritarian rule operates by manipulating wealth distribution. This approach is employed to control the subordinate class. As long as the minions obey the rulers, they can reap benefits without having to toil like the slaves. Naturally, the minions are willing to obey the rulers. Furthermore, if the minions perform well, the rulers may provide them with additional wealth rewards to motivate greater loyalty and obedience. Simultaneously, this can serve as an incentive for other minions, including the slaves. The rulers are clever, and based on this foundation; they derive means of granting spiritual wealth, such as an enviable title, a symbolic medal, or a word of praise.

The utilization of currency as a means of social governance remains an innovation originating from the ruling group, serving their interests without a doubt. The ruling group controls the authority of currency minting and issuance. The issuance of currency requires certain conditions to be met, namely the refinement of social division of labor, the need for individuals to satisfy their survival needs through transactions, and the presence of a certain market size. The most prominent characteristic of currency is its ability to exchange for almost anything one desire from others or to acquire services from others. The applicability of currency is not necessarily limited to the market. The ruling group can use currency to purchase what they need from the market, use currency to control minions and slaves, and do other things that can be done with currency. After the currency is spent, it can be forced back in the form of a tax. This forms a perfect currency cycle. Since there are no restrictions on currency, currency has the characteristics of wealth and omnipotent attributes. It is more convenient for rulers to use currency for social control than material wealth. The larger the currency-dominated market, the stronger the currency's control. Now is the world of currency. Everyone seems to be familiar with currency, but there is an indescribable feeling about it. The reason is that currency not only plays a daily role that is familiar to individuals, but also has a social role that is not familiar to people.

The ruling group relied on the labor of slaves to survive. Without slaves, the ruling group would not exist. The ruling group is well aware of this. Therefore, the ruling group cannot completely deprive the slaves of the fruits of their labor. They will leave a part of it to ensure the slaves' survival. In order to maintain their dominance, the ruling group can only do this. Although the direct management method of using violence on slaves can completely control the results of slaves' labor, it is too rough, too laborious, and can easily cause dissatisfaction among slaves, and has many disadvantages. As long as there is no large-scale population reduction caused by war or plague, the population will inevitably grow due to the sufficient food that agriculture can provide. As the population grew, the disadvantages of rulers using violent means to manage slaves became more and more serious. After careful consideration based on the actual situation, the ruling group came up with a new idea for social management. Of course, this is an innovation. The ruler gave the slaves freedom of movement, and the slaves had to abide by the laws established by the ruler. Slaves were free to pioneer and work freely. The condition is that the slaves must hand over part of the fruits of their labor to the ruling group. This is the basic obligation imposed by rulers on slaves. This is how taxes come into being. Early taxes were paid in kind. After the invention of currency, taxes gradually developed to be paid in the form of currency. The ruler's management of society through laws, currency and tax systems is conducive to alleviating conflicts between the rulers and the ruled, and is conducive to social stability. Unless the tax is beyond what the slave can bear.

The most brilliant way to maintain the status of a ruler is to create culture and use culture to shape the minds of slaves. Creating stories is the simplest and most widely used cultural strategy. The rulers incorporated content into the stories that they wanted to shape the slaves' minds, ignorant slaves did not have the ability to distinguish between truth and falsehood, and would believe the content of the story without doubt. The most representative feature of this strategy is that the content of the story is false. For example, stories about the divine right of kings are false. As long as slaves accepted this false content, slaves would accept their status as being dominated. In addition to making up stories, the various behavioral norms, social hierarchies, etiquette, customs, social structures, and social operating model established by rulers all belong to creative culture. The purpose of these cultures is to solidify social consciousness and control the behavior of the managed classes. At the same time, it also has a side effect: it eliminates the inherent social consciousness of human beings. That is to eliminate the cooperative consciousness of group dependence, eliminate the mutual love inherent in human group cooperation, and replace it with the establishment of a competitive consciousness among individuals. Even though human society has developed to this day, these cultures are still at work. The most prominent manifestations of competitive consciousness are strong possessiveness, clear competitive goals, lack of love, lack of consensus, mutual distrust, and even mutual hatred, making it impossible to form a cooperative group. The authoritarian ruling group has a clear purpose and means of controlling the ruled: if they want a comfortable life for nothing, they must control the slaves and force the slaves to contribute the fruits of their labor. Therefore, the authoritarian group formed a closely knit community of interests. By manipulating the minds of slaves through culture, the ruling group only had to deal with individual disobedient slaves rather than broad groups of slaves.

After an authoritarian culture is created and spreads widely, it affects not only the ruled objects, but all people in society. Once culture is accepted by a person, it will become an integral part of that person's ideological system, and he will make thinking decisions in the direction dominated by culture. Even if the created culture is false or fictitious, the people who accept it must have no doubt about its correctness. This is the wonder of cultural control.

Why is culture the most brilliant method of domination? It's because culture can shape and control people's minds. While accepting the correctness of the implanted culture, the controlled object will actively maintain it and reject other cultures that contradict it. This is because the implanted culture becomes part of the controlled object's consciousness. When exposed to other cultures, the controlled object will first judge based on the culture it has accepted. Because no one will deny themselves. This is determined by the self-protection mechanism of consciousness. People often mention "independent thinking" to express that their way of thinking is different from others, but this statement is superficial because "independent thinking" completely ignores the operating mechanism of human consciousness. Even if the conclusion has been proposed by others, it is still up to the individual to judge whether to adopt it. From the perspective of thinking mechanism, everyone is limited by the culture they accept, and the results of their thinking cannot go beyond the scope of their culture. Unless this person can learn and innovate.

Autocratic rulers created various cultures that bound the minds of slaves, such as:

1. Etiquette, slaves must kneel before the ruler. This kind of etiquette can make rulers feel more secure, and can make slaves accustomed to humiliation and obedience. Once a slave is accustomed to kneeling, his servile consciousness is established.

2. Status hierarchy. According to the top-down management model, the ruler determines the authority of minions at all levels, and the subordinates obey the superiors and are distinguished by different titles. The supreme ruler has the highest authority and manages the entire society conveniently and quickly through a hierarchical structure. Obedience is the most prominent feature of hierarchical structure. After a hierarchical society is widely recognized and accepted, inequality becomes a habitual and reasonable existence.

3. Clothes & Accessories. The ruler stipulates that people of different levels wear different Clothes or Accessories to show that person's status. Identity is an abstract concept, which can only be expressed by clothes and decorations, except for names and appearances. The disadvantage of identity based on name and appearance is that people who don't know can't judge. Clothing and accessories visualize a person's identity. The benefit of this is the ability to highlight the visual presence of the identity. At the same time, it can reinforce the visual presence of the rationalization of social inequality. Make social individuals feel that society should be like this, and mentally accept the fact of inequality, and strengthen the consciousness of servility.

4. Restriction on sex, which is mainly manifested in restrictions and harm to women. In addition to being able to do heavy physical work, men can also fight for their rulers. Women are of little use to rulers other than to have children. Also, men cause trouble because of women. Therefore, the ruler would restrict and regulate the behavior of women, and even harm women's body. An authoritarian society is a society based on violence. The rulers need violence to maintain their rule and expand their territory. Women are inherently inferior to men in terms of violence. This is the reason why women generally have a low status in authoritarian societies. (It is not easy to see that the ruler is the initiator of the harm done to women in an authoritarian society. For example, female circumcision and foot-binding may appear to be folk customs, but they are actually caused by the subtle guidance of rulers who impose restrictions on women on the grounds that women must be chaste, pure, and beautiful. The people at the bottom accepted this concept because of their ignorance and servility. There is no reason for such cruel customs to spontaneously appear at the bottom of society, not to mention that the bottom has no social influence. )

Rulers certainly would not limit themselves to these methods. The rulers knew very well that all the benefits they gained came from the control of society, so they would inevitably understand and manage society from a social perspective. As long as the rulers could think of all aspects that could affect society, they would formulate corresponding rules to control it and keep society firmly in their hands. For example, ethics, morality, law, marriage, family, etc., all of them would be solidified and passed down in the form of culture. Therefore, all authoritarian cultures have one thing in common: artificial regulations that reflect the will of the rulers. Culture shapes thought, which is really useful to rulers. Of course, this depends on the fact that the ruled know nothing about it.

Implanting servile consciousness. Directly instilling servile consciousness through language is undoubtedly the most convenient and effective way. This requires making up good stories, the content of the story should create a good image of the ruler, such as sacred, powerful, correct, wise, benevolent, worthy of worship, etc. Of course, there may be other content in the story that is beneficial to the ruler. The rulers will not teach the ruled with theories and logic, because their logic is untenable and they do not understand any theory. They can only make up stories, tell stories, and rationalize the rulers in the stories. Of course, the rulers understand an unspeakable truth: the ruled have no knowledge and no ability to distinguish between truth and falsehood, and they will believe whatever is in the story. Different regions, different rulers, different preferences, and different cognitions naturally produce different ideas and different cultures. This culture was widely accepted and inherited by slaves, resulting in the formation of different customs in various places.

The rulers have artificially created an abnormal society based on competition, and the bottom class of society with no social concepts could only passively accept such a social pattern. Rulers create almost all social cultures based on their own interests. After such social culture is accepted by the bottom of society, it becomes shackles for their thoughts. The bottom of society can only think within the scope limited by culture. Therefore, although an authoritarian society is unstable, if one society is destroyed, another will be built, and the re-established society will still be an authoritarian society. Obviously, this is the role of culture.

Without the labor of slaves and the protection of slaves, there would be no safe and luxurious life for rulers. The rulers knew this very well, but the slaves did not. Although the number of slaves was much greater than that of the ruling group, the ruling group could not be compared with the slave group at all if the power of the group was only measured in numbers. However, the ruling group used their ingenuity to innovate various governance methods and firmly controlled the slaves. The rulers did not treat the slaves with gratitude, sympathy and respect, but showed more deceit, contempt, hostility and oppression. The rulers believed that it was natural for slaves to work for them and that it was the slave's obligation. If the slaves disobey, the ruler will punish or even kill the slaves.

An autocratic society consists of a ruling group and ruled slaves. The naturally developed way of survival of group cooperation was replaced by the way of survival of authoritarian slavery. The ruling group has innovated various ways to manage slaves. Violent discipline is the most basic management method. Legal restraint, wealth distribution, cultural control, etc. are higher-level management methods. The ruling group used slaves to ensure its material needs and slaves to ensure its life safety. The management of slaves by the ruling group is called social management, and the purpose of management is to maintain its dominance (i. e. , social stability). The problem that the ruling group had to face was how to make all slaves obey, how to make slaves accept their ruled status and voluntarily hand over part of their labor income. For the ruled, if they do not obey the ruler's management, they will directly face the problem of survival; if the ruler takes too much of the fruits of labor, they will also face the problem of survival. As far as human survival ability is concerned, it can fully satisfy all social individuals to survive without worries, but this is not the case in authoritarian societies. There is no doubt that the initiators of this situation are the rulers. Since the emergence of autocratic slavery, rulers have been trying to perfectly solve the problem of managing the ruled. The most ideal situation is that the ruled completely obey the ruler, are willing to work for the ruler, and are willing to protect the safety of the ruler with their own lives. It is obvious that because the ruling groups cannot restrain their own greed (i. e. , their unlimited demands for social wealth), it is impossible for them to carry out reasonable social distribution. Especially when the output of social wealth is not very abundant, it often leads to the existence crisis of the ruled classes. So this is an impossible problem to solve. From a social perspective, social problems in authoritarian societies stem from the contradictions that arise when rulers enslave the ruled. If we continue to explore the deeper reasons, it is that the rulers can realize their desire for something for nothing through slavery.

Social relations in authoritarian societies

An authoritarian society is a society in which the natural sense of cooperation has been completely eliminated. The natural sense of cooperation is replaced by an artificial sense of competition. Members of the ruling group have a particularly strong sense of competition. The stronger the individual's sense of competition, the more intense the struggle. The ruling group is a management pyramid structure. The most significant feature of this structure is the difference in power status. The superior manages the subordinates and the subordinates obey the superiors. The implementation of this management model mainly relies on the distribution of wealth and power. Both wealth and power are the goals of competition for everyone. Therefore, there is an obvious competitive relationship among members of the ruling group. The ruling group seems to be a group. However, what is implemented within the group is a hierarchical mandatory management mechanism, with only orders and obedience, without dependence and mutual trust based on survival consciousness. It is interests rather than survival dependence that connect individuals in the ruling group. The relationship between the ruling group and the ruled is very clear. The ruling group is always on guard against the resistance of the ruled. There is also a clear competitive relationship between authoritarian countries. The thoughts of the rulers have an extreme sense of competition. Since they are in full control of the country, their thoughts are the social thoughts of the country. When rulers think they can invade other countries, they start wars. The rulers knew very well that many people would die in war, but they would not directly participate in the battle. Those who participated in the battle were only their minions and slaves who took orders from them. What's more, they firmly believe that they will be the victorious party and will not die in the war. If they build a powerful empire through conquest, they will not only feel an increase in security, but they will also feel proud and glorious about it.

Whether between individuals within an authoritarian country or between authoritarian countries, there is a competitive relationship. Sometimes, short-term cooperation may occur under certain circumstances, but this does not mean that the relationship between the two parties has substantially changed. Since the objects of competition are needed by both parties, the means of competition will cause harm to the other party. Therefore, the competitive relationship determines that an authoritarian society is turbulent and unstable. The emergence of this competitive relationship is not due to a survival crisis caused by non-human factors, but is artificially created because some people want to get something for nothing and satisfy their greedy desires. The authoritarian culture created by the ruling group in order to control the ruled is the mainstream culture of an authoritarian society. There is no such thing as equal cooperation in an authoritarian culture. Rulers know very well that the cooperation of the ruled is their greatest threat. On the contrary, authoritarian culture is full of deception, inspiration, rules, obedience and intimidation. The thoughts cultivated by such a culture can only be competitive thoughts, and behaviors guided by competitive thoughts must be competitive behaviors. Therefore, the normal behavior displayed among people in an authoritarian society is competitive behavior. In a society with a strong sense of competition, it is a common phenomenon for social individuals to lack a sense of security.

An authoritarian society is an artificially shaped society dominated by a sense of competition. The idea of competition is the core idea of an authoritarian society. The ruling group uses this idea to comprehensively shape the social form. The ruled are only used as a tool to produce wealth and protect the ruling group. Only the rulers have the ability to create social culture, and the ruled can only passively accept such social culture because it is unique and not optional. The ruling group uses every possible means to manage the ruled: using laws to regulate the behavior of the ruled, and using culture to imprison the thoughts of the ruled. The rulers forcefully distribute the fruits of labor of the ruled, and the ruled must obey and cannot oppose, let alone resist. The ruling group can do whatever they want, but the ruled cannot. Competition among the ruled is inevitable, but the laws established by the rulers must be observed. The role of law is to control the intensity of competition and maintain the existence of a competitive society. Competitive behavior among the ruled resulted in the disability or death of slaves, which was unacceptable to the rulers, however, when the ruled fight for the ruler on the battlefield, the ruler encourages the ruled to kill as many enemies as possible. This is different from the law of the jungle, which does not impose any restrictions on competition. Therefore, an authoritarian society is a social form shaped by a few people according to their own ideas, and is not a reflection of the freedom consciousness of all individuals in society.

In fact, the development of autocratic societies is very complicated, but innovation is still the foundation of the development of autocratic societies, even if it is innovation to maintain autocratic rule. The ruler is the core of the autocratic society, and the ruler's thought is the core thought of the autocratic society. Historically, different rulers have their own individual thoughts, some are ignorant, some are smart, some are versatile, some are incompetent, some are cruel, and some are compassionate. Due to the huge influence of rulers on society, this directly leads to the cultural diversity, social complexity and uncertainty of authoritarian societies. Only one thing is constant, an autocratic society must rely on the labor of slaves to exist. Because labor is the basis for the existence of human society.

Although an autocratic society is a large society, due to the breadth of human distribution on the earth and the limitations of the ability of autocratic rulers to rule, it is impossible to establish a global autocratic large society. Therefore, from a global perspective, there will definitely be many large and small relatively closed authoritarian societies distributed on the earth. Such societies plus their respective territories are called countries. If such a society initially had a long period of independent development, then they would inevitably create their own unique culture. Such as language, writing, living customs, etc. This is the fundamental reason why different regions show cultural diversity. Corresponding to this is the ethnic diversity displayed in different regions. (From a biological and natural perspective, if a group of people survive in a certain place for a long time, their bodies will evolve different characteristics from humans in other places as they adapt to the local environment. For example, differences in skin color, hair, height, etc. However, the important thing is that we are all human beings. )In the past, due to the instability of authoritarian societies, authoritarian countries might be overthrown and rebuilt, or they might be invaded and annexed by other countries, which would lead to cultural destruction or fusion.

Human innovation can be classified from two aspects, one is natural science, and the other is social science. Innovations in natural sciences are mainly used to improve human survival capabilities. The sudden appearance of human beings is the result of innovation in natural science, because only innovation can achieve a rapid improvement in survivability. Innovations in the natural sciences are mainly reflected in the invention and development of human tools, for example, the invention and development of weapons used by humans. Whether it is competition with other animals or competition between humans, it is all about strengthening oneself to improve one's ability to survive. Innovations in the social sciences mainly occur in authoritarian societies. Before the emergence of authoritarian societies, humans cooperated in small social forms (i. e. tribes) to survive. Because the concept of cooperative survival is the only consensus, no problems arise within the society. But in authoritarian societies, almost all problems are caused by innovations in the social sciences. For example, the most typical invention-slavery, put society in an unstable state. Slavery is only conducive to the survival of a few people, not all. The reason why it is problematic is that it violates the basic principle of group cooperation for survival. The group is a cooperative whole, and the interdependent cooperative consensus connects all individuals in the group. The authoritarian society is obviously not a single group. Although it can be regarded as a social whole, social individuals do not have the interdependent cooperation consensus that a group must have. The normal relationship between group members should be cooperative, but individuals in authoritarian societies show very obvious competitive relationships, which runs counter to the concept of group cooperation. The cause of this abnormal social state is the practice of various enslavement methods by authoritarian rulers, which has artificially shaped a sick society. The superficial symptoms of this social disease are mutual harm among individuals, but the essence is mutual competition for interests. In other words, the individual's sense of competition is the cause of this social disease.

For example: The human body is a whole composed of various cell clusters, and there is a close cooperative relationship between cells. When tumors appear in the human body, the relationship between tumor cells and normal cells is not a cooperative relationship but a competitive relationship. Tumors rely on their own strong vitality, not only absorbing a large amount of nutrients, but also eroding normal cells. If tumor cells are allowed to develop, the entire body will lose its ability to survive. The result is that all cells die, including tumor cells. There is no essential difference between humans forming a group and cells forming an organism. They all work together, rely on each other, and survive together. If this concept of survival is expressed in language, the existing widely accepted concepts of equality and fraternity can express the meaning of this concept to a certain extent, but it is not accurate. Of course, cells cannot have such a concept. But cells created us simply with the idea of cooperative survival. We firmly believe that we are smart. Today, we have created a lot of knowledge, but it is difficult for us to answer such questions: What is the relationship between people? Why should we be together? Diseases in the human body require science related to the human body to be treated, and diseases in society require science related to society to be treated.

In authoritarian societies, improvements in human survival capabilities still come from innovations in natural sciences. These innovations are closely related to labor. Although slaves are constrained by an authoritarian culture and cannot think too much about social issues, they still have innovative ideas about labor production that they are familiar with. For example, innovations related to agriculture, innovations related to construction, innovations related to wearable, etc. If we were to claim that all labor-related innovations are solely attributed to slaves, it would be excessively absolute. Simply replacing "slaves" with "laborers" would suffice. The discoveries, inventions, creations, productions, and knowledge dissemination that benefit humanity are all the labor actions of laborers.

The fourth important innovation

Industry

Typical representatives of early industry are steam engines, textile machinery and railway transportation. The use of power and machinery has raised human production capabilities to a new level. With the popularization of knowledge, various types of talents continue to emerge, there are more and more innovations in natural sciences, and knowledge in related disciplines continues to accumulate. As a result, the development of natural science began to enter a virtuous cycle, and scientific and technological innovation entered a stage of rapid development. Up to now, mankind has entered the computer information age. Looking back at the history of human development, it is obvious that innovation in natural science has played a decisive role. This is the only way for humans to improve their ability to survive. If this is ignored, human evolutionary development will forever remain a mystery.

The main role of natural science in human development is to solve human survival problems in the ecological environment. Human beings cannot survive without the ecosystem. Today, humans rely on science and technology to transform the ecology that is more suitable for their own survival. The most obvious manifestation is the continuous expansion of agricultural planting area. At the same time, the natural ecology is being eroded and destroyed. Is it right to do this? Few people pay attention or think about such issues. Yes, we have a valid reason: our population is growing and we need more land for food production. However, there is a fundamental constraint: the land suitable for growing crops is limited. At least, we haven't seen human technology being able to break through such limitations yet. In other words, the number of people the earth can support is limited. In terms of the natural environment, the application of human science and technology does not bring all benefits to human survival. Things like air pollution, water pollution, and the greenhouse effect are deteriorating the human living environment. Of course, this is not the fault of technology, but of human greed and ignorance. Technology is just a tool for human beings to improve their survival. However, human beings are just a kind of creature in the earth's ecology. Even if all the creatures are gone, the earth will still be the earth. Therefore, we should not just limit our vision to ourselves, our families, or our country. All mankind should have a worldview that focuses on the common survival of mankind.

The development of agriculture enables human beings to eat enough food, and the development of industry makes human life more and more comfortable. Autocratic rulers achieved a comfortable life early on. That's because they can innovate various enslavement methods to force the ruled to obey them and serve them, so as to achieve their goal of luxurious life. However, with the development of industry, people gradually realized the irrationality of autocratic society, and social ideas against autocratic slavery emerged. What was once taken for granted has been replaced by new ideas. That is because a new social culture has emerged. This culture was not created by rulers, and rulers will not create a culture that is not good for them. Although the new culture is not guided by the basic principles of society, the service objects of this culture are no longer just the rulers, but the ruled, or the majority of society, such as freedom, equality, fraternity and other concepts. Freedom and equality clarify the fundamental reasons for the ruled to oppose autocracy, and are also the ideological consensus that the ruled need to reach to resist authoritarian rule. Freedom is aimed at the control and enslavement of autocratic rulers, while equality is aimed at the top-down governance system of an autocratic society. In an authoritarian society, unfreedom and inequality are the most direct and common feelings of the ruled, so freedom and equality are easily recognized and accepted by the ruled. Fraternity is closer to the basic emotion of group cooperation, but in a competitive environment full of competition, fraternity can only remain in the expression of concepts that are not so clear, and it is difficult to explain clearly the reasons for the need for fraternity.

Innovation in natural science makes the development of industry inevitable. The development of industry drives the development of commerce. The development of industry and commerce improves the cultural quality of relevant personnel. Freedom and equality are abstract concepts that people without certain scientific and cultural knowledge cannot fully understand. Scientific culture not only determines a person's labor ability, but also determines the person's cognitive ability. People who do not have or lack scientific culture can only be limited to benefits that they can understand or see, such as money, land or other property. This is why a pet cares most about food and regards money as nothing. Achieving freedom and equality requires building a society that is different from autocracy. Of course, the premise is to overthrow the authoritarian society.

There is a competitive relationship between authoritarian countries. In order to continue the autocratic rule, the rulers can only accept the culture of competition. The culture of competition determines that rulers must have a competitive mindset. The idea of competition determines that what rulers need most is competitiveness, and the main representative of competitiveness is the ruler's violent organization. Violence is the ultimate means of competition. With a powerful violent organization, the ruler can gain a sense of security and achieve imperial glory, so it is self-evident what the ruler will do with it. If rulers believe that their violent institutions are strong enough and only need an excuse, and sometimes no excuse at all, they will violently conquer other countries, or even occupy them outright. Winners gain greater security while also gaining the satisfaction of an achievement they are proud of. Whether a country is strong or not is determined by its comprehensive national power. An important indicator of comprehensive national power is the degree of wealth of a country. The level of industrial and agricultural development of a country determines its level of wealth. What determine the level of industrial and agricultural development is the country's national education level, scientific and technological innovation capabilities, and the country's system. For autocratic countries, for the ruler's own benefit, the ruler builds the entire autocratic social system through social cultural innovation. These innovative cultures are the ideological basis for dealing with the relationships between people in an authoritarian society, the most important of which is the consciousness of servility. For the almost illiterate lower class of society, they can only accept this kind of culture because it is the only one. When an autocratic state power is overthrown, if new social ideas do not emerge to replace the autocratic slavish consciousness, then the rebuilt country will still be autocratic. This is the cause of the authoritarian cycle. However, the basic requirement for realizing industrialization is that laborer must master certain scientific and technological knowledge; otherwise, industrialization will be impossible. Scientific and technological knowledge is the result of logical thinking. Mastering scientific and technological knowledge will improve people's logical thinking ability. With the ability to think logically, there will inevitably be people who break through the constraints of authoritarian culture to think about society and question the unfairness and lack of freedom that exist in authoritarian societies. This is how the concepts of liberty, equality, and fraternity came about. But such a concept is incompatible with the idea of authoritarian rule. Freedom requires liberation from slavery, equality requires the elimination of status differences, and fraternity requires caring for each other. These can only be realized after overthrowing autocratic rule. Industrialization makes the country strong, which is what the rulers need, but industrialization makes the laborer smarter, which will bring uneasiness to the rulers. After laborer possess certain logical thinking abilities, they will easily accept social concepts such as freedom, equality, and fraternity, thereby ideologically standing on the opposite side of autocracy, which will directly threaten the ruler's dominance. How the ruler chooses to face such a situation depends entirely on the ruler's own thoughts. Once this new social concept becomes mainstream social thought, the rulers will either compromise or be ousted.

The social state of a society depends on the prevailing ideology of that society. During the period of primitive tribal society, the idea of cooperation among tribal members for the sake of food and safety was the basic concept of survival, and therefore the idea of cooperation was the general idea of primitive tribal society. In the period of authoritarian society, in terms of food, individuals can obtain the food they need for survival by relying on agricultural cultivation. In terms of security, other species no longer pose a threat to humans. The precondition that one must rely on cooperation to survive no longer exists, leading to the elimination of the concept of active cooperative survival at the individual ideological level. It was replaced by a servile culture created by autocratic rulers, so the idea of servility became a common thought in autocratic societies. After industrialization, the refinement of the division of labor has gradually reduced the number of people engaged in agriculture, and those laborers who are not engaged in food production cannot guarantee their survival based on their own labor products alone. Only through the exchange of labor products through the market can we meet the needs of life. From this, the survival method of division of labor and cooperation is clearly demonstrated again. However, there is a medium between the exchange of labor products, which is money, which hinders people's direct recognition of cooperation. The result is that people show forms of cooperation at the social level, but social individuals have no direct perception of cooperation, let alone a consensus on cooperation at the level of social consciousness. On the contrary, people conduct market exchanges mainly to make money, which is the true social consciousness. Of course, this is a typical sense of competition.

From the perspective of the process of human development, human beings create knowledge, master knowledge, apply knowledge and inherit knowledge, which is the most fundamental basis for human survival and development. Innovation is the only way for humans to obtain knowledge. Learning and mastering knowledge is the only way for human beings to maintain their ability to survive. There is no way to tell who has the ability to innovate. Therefore, innovation cannot be said to be one person's obligation or responsibility. (We can think of innovation as the gift that innovators bring to humanity. )Different from this, learning and mastering scientific knowledge is everyone's obligation and responsibility. The reason is simple. First of all, everyone must rely on society to survive; secondly, human beings can maintain their current survival ability only by mastering existing scientific knowledge; thirdly, everyone has the ability to learn. However, the reality is that people's subjective understanding of learning scientific knowledge is basically irrelevant to the social obligations and responsibilities they should bear. Nowadays, learning scientific knowledge is an educational process that most people must go through, but the purpose of learning scientific knowledge is almost always based on personal considerations. As for social obligations and responsibilities, they will not be considered at all. Why is this? Quite simply, humans have not yet established a social outlook based on cooperation. People only limit their vision to individuals or families or countries or nations. Investigating the root cause, people have not yet gotten rid of the ideological shackles of authoritarian social culture.

Since the invention of agriculture, humans have established an autocratic society. In order to maintain their dominance, rulers have created a servile culture, resulting in all individuals in an autocratic society having autocratic social thoughts. The authoritarian social thought is a typical competitive thought. Authoritarian rulers use violence as their basic means, servile culture as their ideological tool, and use fear and ignorance to suppress the thoughts of resistance of the ruled. An autocratic society is a top-down power pyramid management system, and members within the ruling group are destined to fight for greater power and interests. The idea of competition determines competitive behavior, and competitive behavior determines the instability of an authoritarian society. First of all, it is certain that an authoritarian society is unreasonable to the ruled. The second is what kind of reasonable social system should be constructed. The former can raise questions about authoritarian rule through personal direct feelings in society, such as pervasive unfreedom and inequality. The latter has no theoretical guidance, coupled with the constraints of slavish thinking that cannot be completely eliminated, it is impossible to come up with a practical and ideal solution. Therefore, the construction of new social forms can only seek to solve the outstanding problems of authoritarian societies. For example, use the separation of powers to check and balance power. After the social thoughts of freedom and equality are recognized and accepted by most members of society, such thoughts become mainstream social thoughts. Under the guidance of mainstream ideas, the authoritarian society was overturned and a new society based on freedom and equality was established. However, without the guidance of correct social theory, it is difficult to establish a comprehensive cooperative social outlook. Although freedom and equality can become a broad consensus in the new society, the new society will still inherit some of the cultural content of the authoritarian society. Social concepts such as freedom and equality can only partially reflect the idea of cooperation, but cannot fully express it. Some authoritarian cultures that carry the idea of competition seem to have no conflict with freedom and equality, and these cultures will be preserved as traditions. As a result, the idea of competition cannot be completely replaced by the idea of cooperation, so that these two opposing social ideas exist at the same time. The specific manifestation in society is the coexistence of competition and cooperation. Such a society will inevitably have problems due to competition.

Nowadays, science and technology have become quite advanced, and relying on science and technology to meet everyone's survival needs is not a problem at all. However, man-made survival security problems often arise in human society. This problem arises precisely from human cognitive defects in society. To describe it with a simple question, why should we be together? We don't have a clear answer to this question.

Currency

Currency was invented by autocratic rulers and was a tool for rulers to control and manage society. From the invention of currency to the present, although society has undergone tremendous changes and the form of currency has also continued to change, the essence of currency has not changed, and its role in society has become increasingly important. It has reached the point where it is indispensable.

Currency has three main functions in society. The first is the role of currency in transactions. Transactions between countries, companies and companies, individuals and companies, individuals and individuals, etc., transactions are almost everywhere and occur all the time. Currency is used in almost all transactions. The government manages society, business owners manage enterprises, and individuals hire others to serve themselves, etc., all reflect the control effect of currency. The third is that competition caused by currency is everywhere. Competition mostly occurs along with transactions. As long as there are transactions, there will be competition elements in the transactions. There are other competitions unrelated to transactions that are also caused by currency, such as many illegal activities and even wars.

The unified issuance of currency by rulers does not mean that the rulers want to do good things for society, but that they see that currency can make it easier for them to manage society; currency can be widely accepted by society only because currency can bring convenience to transactions. From the perspective of the ruler, the ruler uses money to control social distribution and thereby implement management of society. From the perspective of the ruled, what the ruled feel is that currency embodies fair transactions. However, without a unified price benchmark and measurement scale, such fairness does not exist. It just feels fair.

The condition of barter trade is that both parties need the other party's products. In the case of a wide variety of products, it is rare for both parties to need each other's products. It is often Party A that needs Party B's products, and Party B does not need Party A's products, which will lead to a situation where exchange cannot occur. Using currency as a value medium to participate in exchange solves this problem very well. With more and more types of products and more frequent transactions, in order to live, people must use money to frequently purchase their daily necessities, so that people are increasingly inseparable from money in their lives. Currency thus gradually evolved into a necessity in human life. Obviously, currency itself cannot be eaten or used, and has no practical value for human survival and life. However, the current common social understanding (i.e. social culture) is that without money, life will be very difficult. Currency created by humans has no practical value but controls human life. Why is this happening? Actually, the answer is simple. Because currency not only has a transaction function but also has wealth attributes, and it is permanent wealth. As long as people own currency, it is equivalent to owning real wealth, and currency is easier to store than real wealth, and it will not rot even if it is not used. Therefore, people tend to strive to get more money, and they can actually feel that wealth is in their pockets. So people flock to it. Wherever there is money, people go.

If someone has the ability to shape society, then he will definitely make it what he wants, and then enjoy the benefits that society brings to him. Although they can use the simplest violence to control society, they cannot use violence to shape society. What can shape society can only be social culture. Therefore, autocratic rulers innovated various autocratic cultures and instill them into social individuals to transform them into social culture, thereby shaping society. However, the authoritarian culture is filled with too many competitive ideas, which dooms the authoritarian society to instability. Although autocratic rulers hope for long-term peace and stability, the development of competition to a certain extent will definitely break the social balance and cause chaos. In capital society, although social ideas such as democracy, freedom, and equality are widely accepted, free competition dominated by money has also been rationalized. It is obvious that within the scope of monetary capital control, democracy, freedom, and equality are missing. Therefore, it is absurd to talk about democracy, freedom and equality in a competitive environment. Of course, no one can subjectively shape a capitalist society. Under the influence of monetary culture, people's practice of pursuing money and wealth has created a capital society. Therefore, capital society is not deliberately created. However, it can be basically determined that capital society is mainly shaped by monetary culture. However, a society will also be influenced by the culture of other societies, so a capital society cannot be pure.

The amount of wealth determines people's quality of life. The main representative of wealth is currency. Whoever has more money will have a richer life; whoever has less money will have a poorer life. Therefore, in order to live a better life, everyone wants to obtain as much currency as possible. Since the makers of the monetary system did not limit the behavior of acquiring currency in terms of currency itself, people will come up with various ways to obtain currency. As long as the currency reaches their pockets, it is their own wealth. However, the behavior of obtaining currency through stealing, robbery, etc. will cause direct harm to society, which is not what the rulers want, so the rulers try to regulate the behavior of obtaining currency by formulating relevant laws. The fact is that there is simply no way to prevent people from obtaining money through illegal means. In addition, a person can obtain currency from anyone, and the same applies to other people. Therefore, the behavior of obtaining money is a competitive behavior of the whole society. In reality, people generally recognize the rationality of currency culture, such as making money, which shows that the whole society affirms, recognizes and accepts currency competition. However, since it is competition, the laws of competition must be followed. Whether it is a competition between two people or a competition between individuals in the whole society, there will ultimately be a competition result: losing or winning. The inevitable result of currency competition in the whole society is that a few people obtain the majority of the total currency.

With the development of market economy, currency has not only become a necessity for human survival, but has also evolved into the main representative of wealth. The wealth attribute of currency stimulates the profit-seeking psychology of social individuals. Individuals in society will definitely do whatever it takes to obtain more currency. In order to achieve a better life and maximize benefits, currency has become the goal for people to compete with each other. There is nothing wrong with people pursuing a better life, and there is nothing wrong with pursuing more benefits. What is wrong is competing with each other to achieve a goal that is not wrong. The most direct manifestation of competition is hurting each other. Human beings come together to harm each other? of course not. Since it is competition, there will definitely be a competitive result: losing or winning. For competition in which individuals in the whole society participate, the individual's competitive ability determines the outcome of his competition. Since individuals have different competitive abilities, the result of competition is that a few people become winners and the majorities become losers. Since the target of competition is currency, the result is that most of the currency goes into the pockets of a few people. If competition continues without restrictions, money will eventually belong to one person. In fact, when competition reaches a certain level, problems will arise in the currency-dominated social economy, and the impact on society must be negative. It can be concluded from the competition results: a few people live a good life because they win more money, while the majority of people live a unhappy, frustrated, and even angry life because they lose. Social emotions reflect the emotions of the majority of people.

Problems in the social economy must be currency problems. This kind of problem is often called a financial crisis or economic crisis. The company is the main entity for the production of goods. The company consists of entrepreneurs, managers, and workers. The company makes profits by selling the products produced by its workers in the market. Business owners have the right to distribute profits and dominate profit distribution. Since there is no uniform profit distribution rule, there is great flexibility in profit distribution. In order to maximize profits, business owners will inevitably keep as much profit as possible for themselves. If business owners cannot consume the over-allocated profits in the market, then this part of the currency will precipitate and will no longer participate in market circulation. The final result is that the currency participating in market circulation decreases and cannot correspond to commodity prices. As a result, commodity prices will fall or cannot be sold, and companies will close down if they cannot make profits. In other words, once this happens, it will be difficult for companies to make profits, and workers' incomes will decrease or become unemployed, which will lead to a shrinking of market consumption. If it continues to develop, it will enter a vicious cycle, eventually causing social instability. Clearly, the root cause of the problem is people competing for money. Describing it in terms of competition makes it easier to understand. First, the amount of currency a person acquires depends on the person's ability to acquire currency. Secondly, everyone's ability to acquire currency is different. Through competition, those with the weakest ability to obtain money are eliminated first (social welfare security is not involved here). Competition continues, and those with the next weakest ability to acquire money are eliminated. By analogy, competition reaches the final stage and currency is concentrated in the hands of a few people. Of course, this is just a simple expression that is easy to understand. In fact, the diversity of competition will complicate the competition process and the competition form. However, no matter how complicated the competition is, as long as it is competition, it will inevitably lead to winning or losing results. The amount of money a person owns determines the quality of his life. Losers who have no or only a small amount of money cannot obtain their daily necessities from the market, and their quality of life will be very poor. This is the inevitable result of currency competition in society, but people don't know what is happening.

It must be pointed out that when an economic crisis occurs, more laborers will be unemployed, and some people may no longer be able to find jobs in the short term. In other words, their right to work was deprived of their power. In other words, their right to labor has been deprived. No job means no monetary income, which means life is unsustainable and may even affect survival. Labor is the fundamental means of human survival. Without the labor of laborers, human survival cannot be sustained. However, the strange thing is that it is money rather than labor that fully dominates human life. It can be seen that the development of currency has put the cart before the horse. Since laborers have no or lack of money and the means of production, they are in a dominated position in currency competition. When currency competition leads to an economic crisis, the most injured must be laborers. It is not an exaggeration to say that whoever controls money controls mankind.

Whoever has more currency has more competitive advantages. Since currency has both wealth attributes and control functions, currency is not only a competitive target, but also a very useful competitive tool. Competitors with large amounts of money will also use other things that money can buy as tools of control. For example, means of production such as land, factories, and production equipment. If laborers have nothing, they can only work for them.

No matter what kind of competition, the results of the competition depend on the competitiveness of the competitors. When competing for the purpose of obtaining currency, its competitive ability is the ability to obtain currency, that is, the ability to make money. The advantageous skill possessed by laborers is labor ability, so laborers can only obtain money by selling their labor products. However, when capital uses money to turn the means of production into its own private property, laborers can only obtain money by selling their labor. Capital knows very well that it can use the control effect of currency to improve its competitiveness. The most typical example is to hire laborers to help them make money.

The development trend of currency competition in society is certain, the results are certain, and it is certain that it will ultimately cause harm to society. Not only that, currency competition is causing harm to society every moment. For example, the harmful behaviors of certain social individuals to other social individuals often occur. Most of these harmful behaviors are directly or indirectly related to monetary competition. Therefore, state power agencies have formulated behavioral norms - laws. Although the law limits the frequency of injuries to a certain extent, it cannot prevent the occurrence of injuries, nor can it affect the results of competition. Setting a code of conduct for competition does demonstrate human intelligence, but it does not substantially affect competition. Of course, the human world also has competition that does not limit rules. The most typical example is war. This is pure competition. Of course, the human world also has competition that does not restrict behavioral norms. The most typical example is war. This is pure competition. In fact, Humans have also tried to set rules for war to control its intensity. Law is an innovation used by autocratic rulers to manage society, On the one hand, the law can deter the ruled from resisting, and on the other hand, it can also inhibit the ruled from harming each other. However, as people fight to survive, people ignore the law. All biological behaviors in natural ecology show that competition does not require rules, and similarly, cooperation does not require rules. But one thing is clear, whether they are competitive or cooperative. Human beings don't seem to want to clarify such a relationship, or it may be that human beings don't know that there are two basic relationships that require a choice.

Wealth is a very interesting concept. For an individual, the more wealth one has, the better life one has, and the less wealth one has, the harder it is to survive. This is the basic logic of wealth and the core content of wealth culture. According to wealth logic, if people want to have a good life, they must find ways to acquire as much wealth as possible. Money is the primary representation of wealth. In order to live a better life, people are generally eager for money, which is the inevitable result of the logic of wealth. If a person has a lot of money, he can be said to have a lot of wealth. However, for human beings, no matter how much money they have, it cannot be called wealth. Why is this so? Wealth is a subjective, vague and abstract concept that lacks objective basis. The wealth objects corresponding to different subjects may be different. More often than not, wealth depends on the subjective cognition of the corresponding subject.

Due to the direct correlation between wealth culture and the quality of life of social individuals, it affects all aspects related to the survival of social individuals, which makes wealth culture an important factor affecting human society.

If we accept the necessity of the concept of wealth, then what is the real wealth that humans possess? It is undoubtedly scientific knowledge. Without scientific knowledge, human beings simply cannot survive in the current environment. Obviously, the prerequisite for human survival is to have scientific knowledge. However, in reality, people hardly care about this. Not only that, they are indifferent to the concept of group cooperation, which is closely related to their survival. They are even unwilling to pay attention to others, as if they can survive independently without the group. In fact, they can't, and this only exists in their subconscious. Due to the influence of wealth culture, people focus on their own interests and they care more about money. Money dominates human life, this is a fact. Laborers are forced to work for money, but they don't seem to know that it is the fruits of their labor that support everyone, and perhaps they do not care about this. For Laborers, the value of their labor is measured by money, and they themselves lack the right to dominate the value of their labor. Sometimes, labor can be worthless. The reality is that it is almost impossible to earn a lot of money through personal labor. People who have a lot of money certainly did not earn it through their labor. So what does money embody? The principle of equal exchange of commodities? Obviously not.

Autocratic society is mainly manifested in competition with violence as the basic means and slavery as the goal; Capital society is mainly reflected in competition using currency control as a means to obtain wealth. There are only two outcomes for competing participants: winners and losers. In an authoritarian society, the winners have complete control over society, and the losers can only be enslaved by the winners. In a capitalist society, the winners obtain most of the money and means of production, and the losers can only depend on the winners to survive. Who is competing with whom? From the perspective of individual society, few people clearly know that everyone is participating in a grand competition based on the social aspect; from the perspective of the results of the competition, the winners are those who get something for nothing, and the losers are the laborers. In fact laborers never win. Why? Because, in both authoritarian and capitalist societies, laborers simply does not know how to compete. Laborers spend most of their time and energy on labor and labor-related things, and they think most about things related to their labor. Therefore, laborers cannot have much time to think deeply about society, and most people will not even touch on such topics. Laborers do not know how the society they live in is constructed, nor do they know who created their social culture. They all passively accept social reality. However, once laborers accept social reality, it is almost impossible to think beyond social reality. This is because thoughts have cultural limitations. Without a scientific outlook on society, Laborers cannot possibly know what human society should be like. When it comes to dealing with social problems, Laborers are ignorant and passive.

When people generally accept monetary culture, making money for a better life undoubtedly has subjective correctness. As a result, people unknowingly joined the currency competition.

Won't laborers question the rationality of money? No. After a long period of development, currency has long become a part of social culture that is unconditionally accepted by the public. People have been influenced by this culture since childhood. Although there is no systematic study of monetary knowledge, everyone uses money to buy what they need. More money means a better life, and the facts shown by the application of currency in reality also confirm this, so that this direct perception is deeply rooted in everyone's mind. Even if some people have learned some knowledge about currency, this knowledge does not contain any disadvantages of currency application. On the contrary, it tends to emphasize the necessity and benefits of currency. One of the most important reasons for this is that barter is inconvenient, and currency solves this problem.

Due to their ignorance of social science knowledge, laborers do not realize that they are forced to participate in a competition based on the whole of society. Laborers do not know who their competitors are or what the target of the competition is. In other words, although laborers are in a competitive environment, they have no perception of the competition and their understanding of the current social situation is in a state of blind obedience. They focus more of their energy on themselves or their families, and pay little attention to the society that is closely related to them. Everyone depends on society to survive, and it is obviously wrong not to care about society.

Can humans survive without money? Of course they can. As we all know, the time that humans have used money is only a very short part of human history. Humans have only been using money for a few thousand years. Money has only been widely used and has dominated human life for a few hundred years. However, without the labor of laborers, humans will not be able to survive. There are two basic issues for human society: one is who should be the laborer. This question is very simple. Another issue is how to distribute the fruits of laborer's labor. So who should lead the distribution of the fruits of labor? There is no doubt that it should be the creator of the fruits of labor, that is, laborers. But in fact, since the formation of autocratic society, laborers have never dominated the distribution of their labor fruits. In an autocratic society, rulers rely on violence to forcibly distribute the fruits of laborer's labor, a typical example being forced payment of taxes. Capital society mainly distributes the fruits of laborer's labor through monetary competition. Whoever obtains more money will be distributed more. Obviously, laborers cannot dominate the distribution of the fruits of their labor because they cannot dominate the distribution of money. In the process of currency distribution, currency exerts its own powerful control function, enabling people with more money to use currency to control the behavior of others. Typically, capitalists hire laborers to work for them and earn more money from the market by selling the fruits of laborer's labor. Due to the refinement of the division of labor, almost everyone has to use money to buy daily necessities from the market. If laborers do not have money, they will face difficulties in life, and selling their labor becomes almost the only option for them. In a comprehensive money-oriented market economy, labor becomes an out-and-out commodity. In fact, anything that can be exchanged for money can be defined as a commodity.

After the Industrial Revolution, the emergence of a large number of technological innovations led to the continuous refinement of industrial division of labor. People increasingly needed to meet their living needs through market exchange, which made the application of currency more and more extensive and important, and eventually evolved into a necessity for human survival. This is the natural evolution of currency. The fundamental reason why currency can be widely accepted by people is that it can make transactions more convenient and make people feel that transactions are fair. Yes, this fairness only stays at the level of feeling, not the fairness of facts. For example, the same commodity is sold to different people at different prices under the same conditions. Currency is neither a natural necessity nor an innovation of natural science, its rationality is limited to individual subjective judgement, and there is no universally correct theoretical basis. In fact, the irrationality of currency is obvious in society. A typical example is currency depreciation. As we all know, currency is the measure of the value of goods, but this measure is constantly changing. In fact, this is not important. What is important is that people cannot live without money. Everyone knows what it means to be without money. Of course, this is another manifestation of the irrationality of currency. Currency is not natural, but is issued by a third party that has nothing to do with the transaction. Where does its rationality come from? Few people question it, because it is not important. What is important is that no one can live without money. Once people accept the currency culture, money becomes the most important thing. In order to achieve a better life for individuals, obtaining more money has become the only option. Everyone thinks this way, everyone takes action, and as a result, everyone participates in the currency competition.

The market is a distribution center for goods and a place for product exchange by convention. Innovation and division of labor make the products of labor diversified and specialized. Obviously, consuming a variety of products can improve people's quality of life more than consuming a single product. In order to have a better life, people naturally have a demand for different products. Therefore, people take their products to the market for exchange. From the original intention of the market, we can draw the conclusion that the purpose of the market is to improve people's quality of life and reflect people's exchange behavior to share the fruits of their labor. Obviously, this market behavior is a form of cooperation. If currency appears in such a market, it can only be an IOU that can be cashed, or a commitment to cooperation under certain circumstances. Moreover, this can only happen in the market.

With the development of the market and the continuous increase in the variety of commodities, the market increasingly needs commodity exchange media to participate in transactions. The lower classes of society lack social influence and it is impossible for them to formulate such social rules that are acceptable to everyone. Authoritarian rulers are in control of the entire society and can use their power to easily make rules and enforce them. As a result, third-party currencies forced by the rulers entered the market. Although such currency has the nature of IOUs and promises, for rulers, currency can serve as a tool for social management. Because of this, traditional currency must have inherent defects. First, the market needs currency to reflect the fairness of transactions, but traditional currency can only reflect subjective and vague fairness. Secondly, money must be able to express the value of goods, but money as a measure of value is always changing. Thirdly, there is no legitimate reason for third-party currencies to enter the market.

The division of labor leads to the diversification of labor products, and the exchange demand for diversified labor products creates the market. The more division of labor there is, the more product exchange is needed to meet people's survival needs. Therefore, the market is the inevitable product of the division of labor. Scientific innovation is the source of new products. Therefore, the emergence and development of the market is still fundamentally the result of innovation.

The situation of money forcibly intervening in the market is the same as that of autocratic slavery. If we give a reasonable explanation for it, it is that the autocratic ruler has full control over society. In fact, in the autocratic era when the level of science and technology was low, there was relatively little division of labor, and the impact of the market on people's lives was not so great that they could not live without it. Therefore, the impact of money on people is limited to a small range.

With the continuous refinement of the division of labor and the increasing variety of products, commodity exchanges have become more frequent, the market has become more prosperous, and currency has become more and more important as a medium of exchange. As for the development of currency, from metal coins to paper money, its essence has not changed much. It is still enforced by a third party, there is still no corresponding value basis, and there is still no fixed value scale. Its necessity of existence is only derived from its function as a necessary medium of exchange. However, money has no specified existence cycle and can be recycled indefinitely, which makes it have the attribute of permanent wealth. As far as wealth is concerned, the necessities that ensure human survival should be the real wealth of mankind. What about currency? It should be a tool to assist the market in exchanging products, and its role is only to make product exchange easier. However, currency has mistakenly developed into the protagonist of the market, and its wealth attribute makes it the target of competition among people. Since currency lacks a basis for value and there is no effective means to stabilize its value, the market is often in chaos due to currency value issues. What is more serious is that social contradictions caused by currency competition are endless and ubiquitous, and difficult to alleviate.

Market behavior should be regulated by market entities. Market entities should be the two parties in product transactions. They should be the producers of the products, that is, the laborers. However, in reality, the entity that drives market behavior oriented towards competition is not the laborer but the Merchants. Merchants emerged because of currency. As long as they have currency in their hands, they can control the prices of goods and make profits from the exchange of goods. Obviously, merchants dominate the market through currency. Money is issued and enforced by a third party outside the market, who is not the laborers. The laborers are always in a dominated position. Therefore, the market behavior that should have been fair has lost its fundamental basis of fairness. However, fairness is the basic principle and necessary condition of market exchange, but this can only be judged based on feelings, and sometimes this fairness is even forced. This shows that market fairness can be controlled through the use of currency.

For a cooperative group, human survival mainly involves two aspects: labor and the distribution of labor products. Labor can be an independent individual behavior or a closely coordinated collective behavior. Product distribution is actually very simple. Everyone takes the products to the market and takes what they need. As for how much each person takes, it depends on how much each person gives to the market. The rules and measurement standards are jointly formulated by the laborers. In addition, market norms are not entirely cold rules, but also reflect the basic emotions of mutual love and mutual assistance in group cooperation. This kind of cooperation is what a group should be like. Of course, the premise is that people must first clarify whether their relationship is a cooperative relationship or a competitive relationship.

The market should be a reflection of group cooperation consciousness. However, the wealth attribute of money has turned the market into a place where people compete for money. Although the market still manifests itself as the exchange of goods, this is only functional, and currency competition has become the dominant consciousness of the market. That is, a few people become winners and possess the majority of the total money, and the majority of people become losers and possesses only a minority of the total money. The market is a bridge connecting production and consumption. Normal economic operation should be a state of balance between production and consumption, that is, when everyone's life is satisfied, the amount of production is equal to the amount of consumption. However, after the results of competition begin to emerge, most people can only reduce consumption because they do not have enough money, and the rich will not increase consumption because they have more money. At this time, the supply and demand relationship between currency and commodities circulating in the market is out of balance. Due to the lack of an effective market regulation mechanism, an economic crisis occurs. It can be seen that the essence of the economic crisis is that there are problems with currency circulation. Cooperation is the reason for the emergence of the market. Money has successfully introduced competition into the market. As a result, the market has become a paradise for the rich.

From the perspective of the survival principle of group cooperation that humans must follow, market exchange can better solve human survival problems and at the same time enhance the cooperative feelings among individuals through mutual connections. Based on the principle of survival, commodities exchanged in the market should be products of labor that meet human survival needs. However, due to currency competition, currency was elevated to the core position of the market, and commodities became the carrier of transportation currency. In order to compete for currency, anything that can carry currency can become a commodity, such as land, insurance, stocks, information, data, services, labor, etc. Even some things that can directly cause harm to society, such as drugs, human trafficking, Human organs, guns, etc., can become commodities. Why is this so? The most direct reason is that people can make money through commodity trading. Making money is the goal, and commodity trading is just a means. It is clear that there is a fundamental problem with the development of markets: humans have never reached a clear consensus on the purpose of market exchange.

The wealth attribute of third-party currency makes it a target that people compete for, so much so that the idea of making money with currency as the competitive goal has developed into the dominant idea of market exchange. What's worse is that a culture of wealth is prevalent and competition is taken for granted. All of this has no clear theoretical basis and violates the basic principles of human cooperative survival. Whether actively or passively engaged in competition, the losers of competition are bound to suffer the pain, frustration and hopelessness of defeat.

With money as the goal of competition, people come up with all kinds of ways to make money. Laborers, who make up the majority of society's population, rely primarily on their labor to obtain money. Laborers can almost only rely on this method because they are in a passive position in the competition and they only master labor skills. Other ways of making money are either made illegal or laborers are unable to participate because they do not have the capital, such as capital control and various money games. Monetary culture continues to strengthen the importance of money, bringing it to a level that is directly related to survival. At the same time, labor and the fruits of labor that are directly related to human survival have been downplayed. As a result, making money has become a necessity for survival. Money has surpassed the fruits of labor to dominate human survival, which is obviously putting the cart before the horse. However, this has become a reality. It is really smart to be able to do this. Who did this? It is obvious. Since a society needs competition, why should it set rules to restrict money-making behavior? It is very simple. Competition without restrictions will cause social instability. At the same time, competitive advantages other than personal ability will no longer exist. This is the function of the law. However, even if competition is limited to a certain intensity range, it cannot prevent the inevitable outcome of competition, it only prolongs the timeline. The currency invented by humans cannot be eaten or worn, but it has developed to the point where people flock to it. Is this because humans are smart or stupid? Or both.

From autocratic society to capitalist society, due to the improvement of human social consciousness, mankind has broken free from autocratic slavery and built a society that makes people feel fair. From autocratic society to capitalist society, due to the improvement of human social consciousness, human beings have gotten rid of autocratic slavery and built a society that makes people feel fair. However, this society that feels fair is still dominated by the idea of competition. There can be no fairness as long as there is competition. For example, everyone's ability to make money is different, which means that people with low earning ability are destined to be losers in the competition. If someone has a lot of money or resources, this will greatly increase that person's competitiveness. This competition is clearly unfair to those without money or resources. Of course, fair competition can become a mainstream idea that people can accept, that is, while people accept fairness as a matter of course, they also accept the rationality of competition. This is problematic, and obviously the problem lies in the rationality of competition. Humans come together just to compete with each other? And they have to do everything they can to maintain the competitive state? This is obviously illogical. However, money makes this illogical thing happen. In fact, the competition results have already occurred when a few people have obtained a large amount of currency. The reason why competition must continue is that the operation of society depends on continuous monetary competition, or in other words, the operation of society depends on market exchange. This will inevitably make the winners always in a winning state, while making the losers always in a losing state.

If human society wants to develop further, it will inevitably have to face the problem of solving the currency problem.

Human beings only have a phenomenal understanding of competition and accept it as a matter of course. As for right and wrong, people have absolutely no ability to make rational judgments. Why do we compete? No one can answer this question. Third-party currencies are necessary, right or wrong? People want to enjoy a good life, right or wrong? People seek more currencies for a good life, right or wrong? People must achieve a good life through the market, right or wrong? People make profits through market exchange, that is, they make money from other people's pockets into their own pockets, right or wrong? People can also expand various methods to make profits, right or wrong? If all of the above are correct, such social thought can achieve a competitive society. Therefore, people's mistake lies in making judgments based on subjective feelings. Currency competition is just an implicit concept, and people have not reached a clear consensus on this concept. In fact, humans have never reached any consensus at the social level, and most of them are passive participants or followers. If it is announced that everyone must participate in monetary competition, then people may wonder why we should compete. The currency culture has effectively avoided the discussion of currency competition in society. Therefore, the core element of currency culture - making money has become a widely accepted attitude towards currency. In this way, the idea of making money has successfully replaced the social consensus. This is very similar to social consensus, but it is not. Because social consensus can only be cooperation, not competition.

To this day, human beings still have almost no understanding of society, let alone rising to the level of social theory, which is far lower than human beings' understanding of natural science. Through the application of natural sciences, humans have a strong ability to survive. However, due to the lack of theoretical knowledge in social sciences, humans cannot think about society in a principled way and cannot clearly define the relationship between each other, so that society is often in an extreme state of competition, causing some individuals in society to suffer greatly. Human society has evolved from primitive society to autocratic society. Autocratic rulers need to control the entire society to maintain their ruling position, and they must have a lot of thoughts about society. Of course, the starting point of their thinking is not to focus on the cooperative development of the entire society, but to use their competitive advantages to suppress the ruled and tame the ruled into tools to serve them, with the aim of providing the rulers with a comfortable life and security. Although there is no theoretical guidance, the autocratic rulers have invented many social cultures that are beneficial to their rule. This is similar to the fact that humans achieved innovation in natural science without theoretical guidance in the early days. Although there is no guidance from natural science theories, human innovation must conform to the laws of natural science. Therefore, the social culture invented by the rulers must also conform to the basic laws of society. For example: Survival is a necessary condition for the existence of living things, and survival is the basic consciousness of living things. Another example: In addition to the consciousness of survival, human thoughts are shaped by culture. This is why the culture of pseudoscience can be widely accepted by society.

Throughout human history, it is obvious that humans have acquired a large amount of natural science knowledge through innovations in the field of natural sciences, and this knowledge has improved human survival capabilities. Without this knowledge and the intergenerational inheritance of this knowledge, humans will lose their ability to survive. Everything that humans have is built on the basis of human survival. Without human survival, nothing can be achieved. Therefore, from the perspective of survival, human beings should first be grateful to those innovators of scientific knowledge. However, for humans to survive, it is not enough to just have scientific knowledge. Human beings must learn, master and apply scientific knowledge in order to transform it into their own survival ability. It is obvious that everything created by humans using scientific knowledge to meet the needs of human life must be achieved through labor. Therefore, labor is a necessary behavior for human survival. Laborers are the subject of labor behavior. Laborers produce labor results through their labor behavior to ensure the survival of all mankind. Therefore, humans should be grateful to laborers. However, in fact, mankind has not clearly understood the decisive role that innovators and Laborers play in human survival and development. In an autocratic society, Laborers are enslaved and managed, and the ruling group has never had the idea of being grateful. In capitalist society, money has become a necessity for people's survival. Capital uses money to control almost all the means of production, and laborers have to rely on capital for labor production in order to survive. Obviously, gratitude to laborers still does not exist. For human beings who must rely on group cooperation to survive, labor should be the basic obligation of every member of society, and mutual gratitude should be the basic emotion among members of society. To perfectly interpret this mutual gratitude between members of society, one word can be used, that is, love. When love becomes the basic emotion of a society, such a society is the ideal society for mankind. Strictly speaking, such a society is the normal society for mankind.

The future of humanity

The future of human society is largely unknown. The only basis for human prediction is natural science, and the main function of natural science is to solve the problem of human survival ability, and it cannot directly solve social problems. However, the impact of natural science on human society is often fundamental. For example, the invention of agriculture enabled humans to obtain sufficient food, laying the foundation for humans to settle down and form large societies. The development of industry has generally improved the logical thinking and comprehension abilities of the lower classes of society, making it easier for the lower classes to accept new social cultures that are beneficial to them, thereby changing social thought. As a result, the slave culture that maintains an autocratic society has no foothold. For capitalist society, it is obvious that money culture is the mainstream culture of society. However, money culture cannot solve the fundamental problem of society, that is, the problem of disharmony in human society. Interestingly, the main reason for this problem is precisely money. Natural science seems to be powerless to solve this problem. Of course, this is not a problem of natural science.

Humans have all kinds of imaginations about the future, and most of them are concerns about the future. This is well-founded and is also a problem that humans need to solve. For example, will the fierce competition among humans reach the point of nuclear war? Will the impact of human beings on the climate make the natural environment no longer suitable for human survival? (In addition, with the development of technology and the increasing maturity of artificial intelligence, intelligent robots will replace a large amount of labor, which will not only involve physical labor but also mental labor. In a competitive society dominated by money, laborers will not be able to compete with robots and will lose their jobs. What to do? The establishment of a cooperative society is the only solution.)

In the case of nuclear weapons, as long as the thing exists, there is a possibility that it will be used. It depends entirely on the subjective judgment of those who hold the nuclear button. As to whether a nuclear war would destroy mankind, it is hard to say, but it would certainly cause harm as well as suffering to countless people, most of whom would certainly be laborers. In large-scale conflicts in human history, laborers must have suffered the most casualties, and the mark they left in history is merely the huge numbers related to casualties. The creators of weapons are laborers, and it is also laborers who take up weapons to harm each other. Why is it like this? Because laborers have never controlled their own destiny, they have always been controlled by rulers and obeyed the rulers' will. It is strange that laborers, who have the absolute majority of the population, are incapable of taking charge of their own lives. What is the problem? Obviously, it is because the laborers have no basic social knowledge and do not know how to protect themselves.

The issue of human impact on the climate is more serious. At present, we can clearly feel the global warming and the increase in extreme weather. Is this situation caused by humans? What if it is not? On this issue, humans have no choice. Because as long as the earth's climate is no longer suitable for human survival, the human race will inevitably end.

Whether it is nuclear weapons or climate change, human competition will inevitably lead to more serious problems. Nuclear weapons are used to kill and destroy. This is an option when competition reaches its extreme. If the climate problem is caused by large-scale greenhouse gas emissions from humans, then in the absence of clear perception and recognition by people, competitive consciousness will cause people to subjectively deny or ignore this problem.

In the ecosystem in which humans live, competition is everywhere. Humans are just one of the creatures in this ecosystem. To this day, humans cannot survive independently from the ecosystem. One organism feeding on other organisms is the main way of survival between different organisms in an ecosystem, and it is also the reason for the formation of an ecosystem. Organisms that use external energy to convert inorganic matter into organic matter are the basis of the entire ecosystem, such as plants. Other organisms depend on organic matter for survival, such as animals and other organisms. Plants need sunlight, air, water, soil and other survival factors to survive, and adjacent plants will inevitably compete with each other because the survival factors cannot meet their own needs. Animals need to eat plants or other animals to survive. No one wants to be eaten. Therefore, the normal state of natural ecology is competition, and the fundamental reason for competition is survival.

As a biological species, human beings, like other living things, have survival as their basic principle. (Those who attempt to put principles above survival are malicious.) In the primitive tribal period, there were cooperative relationships within the tribe and competitive relationships between tribes. In order to avoid competition, humans traveled all over the world. However, the world is not infinite. Limited by survival resources, human beings are bound to face competition for survival. Therefore, there are two opposite consciousnesses of survival coexisting in human consciousness, namely, cooperative consciousness and competitive consciousness. These two consciousnesses determine whether the relationship between individuals is cooperative or competitive. Cooperating for survival and competing for survival seem to be very contradictory, but the objects of cooperation and competition are different, so there is no problem with the survival logic. Cooperation is a necessary condition for human survival and is the norm. Without cooperation, there would be no human beings. After the autocratic society came into being, various cultures were created to control the society, gradually replacing the consciousness of survival. The consciousness of cooperation was completely eliminated. The consciousness of competition was no longer a competition for survival due to the inability of resources to meet needs, but was replaced by a struggle for interests with the purpose of controlling society. Due to the loss of social dominance, laborers' labor cooperation behavior has evolved from active cooperation to forced cooperation. Since the labor of laborers is a necessary condition for human survival, any time when the labor behavior of laborers is seriously affected, it will definitely have a serious impact on society. For example, war, economic crisis.

When a society is dominated by a competitive mentality, the mutual love that accompanies cooperation loses its conditions for existence. However, for human individuals with social instincts, they need the trust, recognition, sympathy and care of others. Once these things are missing, loneliness will become the most prominent feeling of the individual. Of course, a person can gain a sense of accomplishment by becoming a winner in a competition to make up for the lack of cooperative emotions, but the loss, frustration and helplessness caused by failure in the competition will aggravate the sense of loneliness.

Before the emergence of humans, no organism could dominate the natural ecosystem, which kept the ecosystem in a state of dynamic equilibrium. However, in just a few million years, humans have become the masters of the ecosystem through technological innovation. It is no exaggeration to say that humans have become the masters of this planet. Humans can destroy ecosystems and even change the natural environment with the power of science. In fact, humans have already destroyed the natural ecosystem, and the natural environment has also quietly changed due to human behavior.

It is an indisputable fact that humans are changing the natural environment. It is also obvious that the change of the natural environment is developing in a direction that is unsuitable for human survival. Most individuals in the human race have no social thoughts or global vision, and they will not pay attention to this issue. People are trapped in the culture of money and indulge in money games. They only care about making money and their own lives. Their idea is simple: only with money can you survive, and with money you have everything. However, when the natural environment is no longer suitable for human survival, money means nothing.

Human beings should understand that survival is the basis of human beings. This is a basic principle. Any culture must be established on the basis of human survival and truly serve the survival and development of mankind. This is the fundamental premise and goal of cultural existence.

A suitable natural environment is the basic condition for human existence. Sufficient food is the basic need for human survival. To satisfy the needs of human survival can only rely on the labor of laborers. When other species cannot compete with humans, group cooperation is the only option that is beneficial to human survival. All cultures created by humans should be conducive to human survival. Authoritarian culture is only conducive to the survival of a few people, and the same is true for monetary culture.

Up to now, humans have created various cultures. Many of these cultures shape people's social thoughts, determine people's attitudes and behaviors towards others, and thus determine the corresponding social state. For example, a society dominated by authoritarian culture is definitely an authoritarian society, and a society dominated by money culture is definitely a capitalist society. Whether it is an authoritarian society or a capitalist society, it is determined by the mainstream culture of the society. Whether it is an authoritarian society or a capitalist society, it is determined by the mainstream culture of the society. The laborers just passively accept and recognize such culture. The core idea of these cultures is competition. However, the laborers have no competitive advantage at all and are destined to be losers in the competition. Losers have no social influence on society. Therefore, there is almost no narrative content about the laborers in history. It is as if the laborers have never appeared. If there is, it is the number of casualties in wars in history. However, there can be no human history without the laborers. The existence of the laborers is a necessary condition for human history.

What standards should humans use to judge culture? All cultures should follow one standard, which is whether the culture is conducive to the survival of all people. Natural science culture has solved the problem of human survival in the natural environment, and its benefits to mankind are obvious to all. What about social culture? Of course, it is to solve the problem of relationships between people, that is, the problem of how people get along with each other, that is, the problem of social harmony. Among competitive cultures, the most prominent one is the culture of hatred. Hatred is the prelude to conflict. Conflict is certainly not conducive to survival.

Relying on agricultural planting, humans can produce enough food, solving the fundamental problem of human survival. Relying on other technologies, humans continue to improve their living comfort. According to the basic laws of natural ecology, competition for survival is a sufficient reason. Humans have become the masters of natural ecology by relying on natural science, and survival is not a problem at all. Logically speaking, without competitors, humans should not continue to compete. However, humans are always in competition. What's interesting is that almost all competition happens between people. Because of competition, a considerable number of people have paid the price of their lives. Why competition? The reason is clear and certain: a few people want to achieve their own interests, including power and wealth.

There is no doubt that cooperation is the only option for individual human beings to survive, because without others, it would be very difficult or even impossible for a person to survive.

Human beings survive in the form of group cooperation, which is the result of natural development. The reason for cooperation is that cooperation makes it easier for all individuals to survive. This is a basic truth. Of course, competition is also for survival, which is a helpless choice under conditions that cannot satisfy the survival of all individuals. Competition can only allow individuals with strong competitiveness to survive. Humankind has solved the problem of survival by relying on innovations in natural sciences. However, even today, with advanced science and technology, humans have not solved the endless stream of social problems, and do not even know that competition is the root cause of social problems.

Cooperation is the basic attribute of a group and also the basic characteristic of a group. In other words, the relationship between individuals in a group is purely cooperative. The purpose of establishing this cooperative relationship is to ensure the survival of all individuals. The group is the result of the subjective cooperative will of all individuals.

For human beings, there are three choices to be made as to whether to compete or to cooperate: first, to choose competition, and in a short period of time human beings will be finished. This choice is a direct violation of the principle of survival, and it is unlikely that mankind will make such a choice; secondly, it is to continue this state of affairs in which competition dominated by a few and passive cooperation among laborers coexist, and ultimately end up due to competition. For example, nuclear war, destruction of the natural environment, and the complete replacement of laborers by intelligent machines; The third is to choose cooperation, and there is no doubt that only pure cooperation can maximize the time of human survival.

To choose cooperation, members of society must first clarify the cooperative relationship. An unclear basic relationship between people will inevitably lead to blindness in getting along with each other. Secondly, competitive factors that are not conducive to social stability must be eliminated. The first to be eliminated is the omnipotent currency, which is the source of evil in human society.

A society can be composed of one or more groups and individuals, that is, a group must be a society, but a society does not necessarily have only one group. If a society is composed of multiple groups and individuals, then this society will inevitably produce conflicts between different groups or between groups and individuals. This is easy to understand. Different groups or individuals have different ideologies, and different ideologies are the root cause of conflicts. If different ideologies are incompatible, confrontation between them may lead to conflict and may trigger fierce competition. Consciousness originates from the culture acquired by an individual. Since each person acquires a different culture, their ideology is bound to be different, so ideological differences are a universal phenomenon. In fact, this is not important. What is important is the social consciousness part of ideology, which determines how people get along with each other. It is very simple, as long as the basic relationship between each other is determined. Once the basic relationship is determined, the basic idea is established. Normal social relations are cooperative relations, and normal social ideas are cooperative ideas.

The creation of the fruits of labor by laborers through their work is fundamental to human survival. Innovators have improved labor productivity and enriched the variety of labor products through scientific innovation, and are the source of human development. As far as human survival is concerned, scientific innovation is also a kind of labor, which is focused on human survival and development. Therefore, innovators are also laborers, and they bear the social responsibilities of human society just like ordinary laborers.

In primitive societies, due to low production capacity and weak individual survival ability, for the sake of food and security, forming groups and cooperating to survive was the only option. Although there was no concept of cooperation in that era, all members of the tribe knew that they had to do so in order to survive. If group membership is defined in terms of laborers and non-laborers, then all group members are laborers and must be.

Whether individuals or groups, food is necessary for survival. Individuals can only obtain food through their own labor, while groups survive through division of labor and sharing of labor results. Obviously, for a group, labor is the responsibility and obligation of every individual.

The survival of individuals in a group depends on the group. It is the consensus of all individuals in the group that they can only survive by relying on the group. However, consensus alone is not enough. There is also something important, that is, emotional bonds, which reflect the recognition, care, help, sympathy, gratitude, etc. of group members. To express it in one word, it is "love". Love connects group members together, gives them psychological satisfaction, and makes the group healthy and strong. Competition is different. It reflects the disagreement between the two competing parties. Because of the disagreement, they cannot reach a consensus. When it comes to human beings, this is the root cause of conflicts.

For the future of mankind, it is obvious whether to compete or cooperate.

To cooperate, first, humans must clarify a consensus on cooperation. Why do humans need to be together? This is the fundamental question. Even in this day of advanced technology, it is not easy for anyone to survive without the fruits of someone else's labor. Secondly, it is necessary to make it clear that labor is the responsibility and obligation of all members of society. Then, all members have only one role in society, that is, laborers. There is no distinction between noble and humble laborers, no difference in status, only differences in the division of labor. Equality of status is an inherent characteristic of laborers. In fact, in a society of mutual love, the concept of status does not exist at all. A society of mutual love is a system in which all members of society serve each other through division of labor. Third, a fair and reasonable sharing of the fruits of labor should be clarified. Laborers bring the products of their labor to the market, and the market pays the laborers money based on the value of the corresponding products, and the laborers can use the money to buy the goods they need from the market. Another important point is that mutual love is a natural expression of intimacy between members of a society. Of course, this is only the result of cooperation and expresses a cooperative relationship.

Cooperation means one for all and all for one. A cooperative group is really a whole. Just like a multicellular organism, each cell performs its own duties, so as to ensure the normal survival of the organism. The responsibility of individuals in a group is to participate in the division of labor, to improve the quality of life of individuals through the exchange of different labor results, and to ensure the health and strength of the group.

There are no employers in cooperative societies, so there is no such thing as an unemployed laborer. Since all resources of a society belong to the whole society, there will not be a situation where a few people own the means of production, and there will not be a situation where laborers must depend on the owners of the means of production. Whether a person wants to get a reward depends on whether he wants to work. As long as the labor is recognized by society, it will definitely be rewarded by the market. Of course, there are differences in labor income, which depends on a person's labor ability and how much labor he has put in. For example, if a person's innovation has made a huge contribution to society, society will certainly not refuse to give him/her a fair return. For innovations that are beneficial to society, society should not only recognize them, but also encourage them.

Labor is the only means of creating the needs of human survival. Division of labor is the main form of social cooperation. Distribution according to labor is the only reasonable principle of distribution. Although distribution is principled, a cooperative society is not a rigid principle but an emotional society based on love. Such a society will not only take care of those who have lost their ability to labor, but also fully respect life and take care of those who are unwilling to labor. Perhaps there will be no one who is unwilling to labor.

The market is the result of the diversified development of labor products. Product exchange is the main way to meet the survival needs of individuals in society and improve the quality of life. Clearly, markets are the embodiment of cooperation. Markets solve the problem of human survival. Therefore, the market has a necessity for its existence.

The basic function of the market is product exchange. Since it is an exchange, it must involve two issues: how to determine the value scale of commodities and how to conduct fair exchanges. Since there is no effective benchmark for value judgment, it is impossible to make an accurate value judgment on labor products. However, this problem is not difficult to solve. We can reach a consensus on value through social consultation. Once the value of goods is determined, fair exchange is not a problem.

The market receives the labor products of the Laborers and pays the Laborers with tickets, which are currency. The Laborers can use these tickets to buy any goods from the market. The ticket should be marked with the owner and expiry date, and the ticket can only circulate between the Laborers and the market. This can effectively prevent the chaos of currency circulation. In other words, currency can only buy goods from the market.

Such currency (hereinafter referred to as new currency) is fundamentally different from traditional currency.

The issuer of the new currency is the market. The market will issue a corresponding amount of currency based on how many commodities it receives. When consumers buy commodities from the market, the market will take back the corresponding amount of currency. In other words, there is a corresponding value relationship between commodities and currency. In this way, economic disasters such as inflation or deflation will not occur.

The commodities are limited to those labor products recognized by society. Anything that is not conducive to the stable development of society cannot be commoditized. Natural resources cannot be commoditized, population cannot be commoditized, and drugs cannot be commoditized, and so on. Of course, what can be commoditized is determined by social consensus. The new currency cannot circulate outside the market.

The new currency has only one function, which is to serve as a medium of exchange for goods. The new currency eliminates the control function of traditional currency, and there will be no situation where someone is controlled by the rich in order to survive. The new currency not only limits the scope of circulation, but also marks the owner, so non-owners cannot use unauthorized currency. That is, the new currency has no function other than to purchase commodities from the market, and people do not compete with each other to get more of it.

The rules for issuing, recycling, and using the new currency eliminate the element of competition. When human society formulates rules, it must comply with the principle of group cooperation. Only in this way can the health and harmony of human society be guaranteed. Without competition, there will be no mutual harm.

Market workers are also laborers. There is nothing special about them, as with all laborers, only a difference in occupation, only a different division of labor. What kind of job a person wants to do depend on his or her ability to work and personal wishes. There are no restrictions.

In a cooperative society, people can express their free will according to their own wishes on the basis of following the principles of cooperation. However, in the transition to a cooperative society, since people cannot completely eliminate the constraints of traditional ideas, there will inevitably be incompatible contradictions between new and old ideas, and people should treat them with a positive and tolerant attitude.

Human beings rely on knowledge of natural science to survive, so humans must learn knowledge of natural science. Human individuals must survive in groups, so humans must learn social science knowledge. Humans must know that the purpose of individuals forming groups is not to compete with each other, but to cooperate with each other. If the individuals in a society do not have this basic knowledge, then the society must be abnormal and sick.

Members of society must have basic social common sense. Cooperation, coexistence and mutual dependence are basic social ideas. The idea of competition is harmful to society and therefore a competitive social view is unacceptable. In fact, once a fully cooperative society is established, social divisions will become impossible. The reason is simple. With basic social knowledge, members of society know that a cooperative society is the most ideal society for most members of society. In a society dominated by competition, most members of society are bound to be losers; only a few benefit, and they are definitely not laborers.

Survival is the reason for cooperation. The clear survival dependence between human individuals will naturally give rise to mutual emotions, which is mutual love.

In a society dominated by traditional currency, the survival dependence between people is not clear and is even deliberately ignored. In people's habitual cognition, currency is something that is closely related to survival. People gather together and compete with each other as much as possible in order to obtain more currency. Although people are together, due to competition, they cannot develop mutual love in the sense of survival dependence; due to competition, there is a lack of trust between people, and people tend to keep a safe distance. However, there is survival dependence, because the money is in other people's pockets, and a person must deal with others to get their money.

If we want to establish mutual love based on survival dependence in a society, we must first clarify the survival dependence relationship between social individuals, that is, the cooperative relationship. This is the premise and the foundation. Any individual in society must understand that he or she can survive easily or well because of the existence of other individuals. Therefore, the survival of any individual depends on the survival of other individuals. Worrying about losing other individuals, cherishing the existence of other individuals, caring about the health of other individuals, and being grateful for the labor of other individuals are inevitable psychological reactions. This psychology is love, which is an emotional expression of the importance of each other between collaborators. Complete love is two-way, that is, mutual love. In fact, mutual love already exists at the beginning of the establishment of group society.

A person's happiness comes from feeling recognized, cared for, helped, sympathized with, and appreciated by others, which is how loved ones feel. A society in which all members of society love each other is a normal society. In such a society, no one will feel the pressure of survival, no one will feel coerced, and no one will feel insecure. On the contrary, everyone will live a relaxed life with a sense of security and happiness. Apart from being restricted by the laws of nature, there are no problems that humans cannot solve in a society of mutual love. Natural science solves the problem of human survival, and social science solves the problem of how humans get along with each other. Are there any other problems? No.

Population issues

Population size is closely related to human survival and life. Population size is not necessarily better the larger it is. Due to limited resources, the earth cannot support an unlimited population. Too much population will inevitably reduce the quality of life for human beings. Therefore, under the premise of cooperation and based on the social outlook of all mankind, humans will dominate the fertility rate and control the population size.

Education issues

Why do humans learn about science?

Imagine a scenario where all individuals in a society have no scientific knowledge. How would they survive? They would not be able to survive at all.

Scientific knowledge is the fundamental basis for human survival, and the application of scientific knowledge is the only means for human survival. Therefore, learning and inheriting scientific knowledge is a necessary condition for the continued survival of mankind. Scientific knowledge cannot be passed on to the next generation through genetic inheritance. Human future generations can only master existing scientific knowledge through learning. In fact, humans have always done this. From the initial simple experiences to the later complex technologies, learning and mastering these are very important things in the process of human growth. However, in a society dominated by competition, people only consider the purpose of learning to be improving their personal competition or survival skills, and do not regard it as a social responsibility. In fact, there is no social responsibility in people's cognition. This is determined by the competitive thinking of an abnormal society. Only the rulers have the ability to look at the whole society, but they only consider their own interests and do not think about social responsibility. Therefore, there is no sense of social responsibility in a competitive society.

In a cooperative society, it is a universal and clear social responsibility for individuals to learn scientific knowledge, because it is related to the continuation of human survival and social harmony. The act of learning scientific knowledge should fall into the category of labor. Although this kind of labor does not produce visible labor products, it is necessary preparatory work before participating in actual labor. Cooperative society recognizes this kind of labor. As we all know, studying is a very hard thing, even harder than many other kinds of labor.

Work issues

Scientific knowledge is a survival skill that humans must rely on. Human individuals must learn to master this skill. After social individuals have mastered scientific knowledge, they should fulfill their social obligations. A cooperative society is a system of mutual service based on cooperative coexistence. Labor is the duty of every social individual.

In today's society, sometimes unemployment of laborers becomes a major social problem, which means that some laborers are unable to fulfill their social responsibilities, which is a very strange thing. When capital controls all means of production, laborers can only survive by selling their labor. When capital can no longer make money, capital will stop hiring laborers, and unemployment will inevitably occur. In a society dominated by monetary competition, this is bound to happen.

In a cooperative society, all social resources belong to the entire society rather than being owned by a few people. For all members of society, they only need to consider how to reasonably distribute social resources and reach a basic consensus. In a society of love, there is no tyranny of authoritarian power, no control of capital, and whether to work depends entirely on whether individuals are willing to fulfill their social obligations. Of course, there are very few people who have social common sense but are unwilling to fulfill their social obligations. However, behaviors that actively harm society are not allowed. Just like cancer cells in the body, there are some, but very few, and they do not affect the health of the body. The human body is a complex cooperative aggregate composed of a huge number of cells of various types, and human society can fully refer to it.

Regarding working hours. Due to the continuous improvement of innovation, the continuous development of technology, automation and artificial intelligence will replace most of the labor, and the working hours of each social individual will gradually decrease. This is precisely the embodiment of human beings relying on innovation to improve their ability to survive.

Pension issues

The first thing that group cooperation reaches is a consensus on survival. Survival is the first priority and the foundation. Providing for those who have lost or have no ability to labor is a social responsibility.

With the support of modern technology, there is no problem for human production capacity to meet the survival needs of everyone. In social life, if individuals have to deal with their own pension issues, such a society is problematic.

Medical issues

The medical industry is just one type of division of labor. Like other divisions of labor, it is part of the social service system. For example, agriculture provides food for everyone, and the medical industry ensures the health of everyone. Different social divisions of labor have different occupations. There is no high or low occupation. What kind of occupation an individual engages in depends entirely on his or her ability and willingness.

The issue of human beings and nature

For human cooperative societies to function normally, they must have a consultation mechanism. Cooperation that goes its own way will cause the entire society to become unbalanced and chaotic, which cannot guarantee the health of the entire society and may also lead to over-exploitation of natural resources and affect the natural environment. Relying on science and technology, humans have the ability to directly affect the natural environment on which they depend. Humans must balance the relationship between humans and nature; otherwise the powerful forces humans rely on will inevitably destroy themselves. In the early stages of human evolution, humans simply learned to use spears as weapons to obtain food through innovation. Coupled with human group cooperation, no animal could compete with humans, so that humans acquired the ability to dominate the natural ecology. However, human beings have no corresponding ecological knowledge at all, let alone ecological balance. The result of human beings' unlimited demands on natural ecology will inevitably lead to ecological disasters. For humans, such ecological disasters will inevitably backfire on themselves and lead to a large number of attrition. However, this is not the fault of humans, because humans do not have the corresponding ecological knowledge. What humans know is that they must hunt to get food, and this reason is sufficient. As a result, many human races disappeared.

Nowadays, human beings have a lot of natural science knowledge. With the popularization and application of this scientific knowledge in production and life, human behavior has already had an impact on the natural environment, and scientists in related fields have also issued warnings about this. The main thing that dominates people's behavior is the idea of making money, so this wrong idea of making money must be corrected. If the natural environment of the earth is no longer suitable for human survival due to human influence, then human destruction is caused by ourselves. Only members of a cooperative society have a social perspective, a world view, and a sense of social responsibility. Members of a competitive society focus on personal interests and choose to ignore the overall concepts of society, humanity, and the living environment. Human beings have only one Earth, and protecting our home planet is everyone's responsibility. For the survival of mankind, humans must make a choice between competition and cooperation.

The future state of human existence

The transition of human society from a competitive state to a cooperative state must inevitably go through a process of social ideological transformation. Although replacing competitive social ideas with cooperative ones can not only make society more harmonious but also help improve the quality of life of individuals in society, the process of ideological transformation is not easy because it requires negating some of one's original concepts, especially the sense of competition.

The improvement of human living conditions brought about by natural science is obvious to all. Through the application of natural science knowledge, various material and non-material needs related to human survival and life have been greatly met and improved. This improvement is not specifically for some specific people, but for everyone. Therefore, almost no one will object to accepting and learning natural science culture. Because it is good for everyone, everyone will of course choose to accept it.

New natural science ideas are unprecedented. People will refer to past natural science ideas and see how they have benefited people over the years, and consciously choose to accept new natural science ideas. The social idea of cooperation is different. It requires people to start from basic principles and understand through logic. Human beings' sense of cooperation is innate and exists in the human subconscious. Everyone retains the emotional component of cooperation to a greater or lesser extent. However, the culture created by humans can become the basis of human consciousness through learning, thereby shaping human thoughts and making human instinctive consciousness remain at the subconscious level. Some cultures even transcend human instinctive survival consciousness. People whose minds are controlled by these cultures do not care about the lives of others or their own. However, culture has a purpose. By analyzing whether the purpose of culture is inclusive or exclusive, it is easy to judge whether these cultures are beneficial to oneself and make choices. This requires some people to be able to transcend culture and themselves to analyze and judge culture, which is not easy.

When the social state changes from a competitive state to a cooperative state, this change will inevitably be opposed by a few people. A competitive society will inevitably lead to the polarization of social wealth, so that a small number of people can enjoy a comfortable life without working. These people are the beneficiaries of a competitive society. The transformation of a competitive society to a cooperative society means a change in the concept of wealth. The subjective will of these people is very uncertain. However, laborers are the majority in society, and if they are willing to abandon the idea of competition and choose to accept the idea of cooperation, then society will inevitably become a cooperative society. The principle is simple: the state of society is determined by the dominant ideas of society. Laborers are the majority of society, and therefore the dominant ideology is determined by laborers. Only when laborers accept the idea of cooperation can they completely break free from the control of the idea of competition. Otherwise, under the control of the idea of competition, laborers are passive and have almost no sense of existence. Both manual and mental laborers are the decisive factors in ensuring the existence and prosperity of human society. However, it is not enough for laborers to have only knowledge of natural sciences. Laborers must have knowledge of social sciences in order to understand what kind of society is more suitable for them.

Once a cooperative society is established, many social rules of a competitive society will no longer be necessary. The social rules of a competitive society are only to ensure the stability and sustainability of the competitive society, and the mechanism of action is only to limit the intensity of competition. A cooperative society is a society where competition has been eliminated. Competition within the society will no longer exist. Without competition, there is no need to restrict or regulate competitive behavior. A cooperative society is a society of a single group, and the social thought is a unified cooperative thought. Unlike a competitive society that must be maintained by behavioral norms, cooperation does not require rules and restrictions. A fully cooperative society is itself a stable society.

Cooperation society is a single group with cooperative survival as the basic philosophy. There are no other groups in a cooperative society, nor are there other individuals independent of the society. For groups that do not survive cooperation as the basic consensus, their social philosophy is surpassing survival. Such a philosophy is artificially designed: the purpose of survival is only to serve such a philosophy. What is the purpose of a person's survival? The survival instinct actually gives the answer, which is survival. What is the purpose of a person's survival? The survival instinct actually gives the answer, which is survival. Although humans do not have a natural concept of transcending survival, by creating a culture with corresponding ideas and instilling them into people, such things can be implanted in people's subjective consciousness. When people accept such ideas, they may be induced to pursue them at the cost of their lives. Along with these ideas, there must also be a sense of servility, with the purpose of making believers obey, thus achieving the purpose of cultural control. This is dangerous to both others and oneself. Whether it is humans or other living things, survival is the only basic principle.

Individuals in a cooperative society understand that they are part of the society and that they all depend on each other and love each other. There is a clear cooperative relationship between social individuals. Labor behavior to ensure survival needs and mutual protection behavior to ensure survival security are basic social cooperation behaviors. The entire society is a mutual service system that ensures survival. The cooperative behavior of a cooperative society depends entirely on the cooperative consciousness of individuals. Therefore, a cooperative society does not have and does not need social managers. The absence of social managers does not mean that a cooperative society is chaotic and disorderly. Society is a collective composed of many individuals. It concerns future development, environmental protection, resource allocation, labor combination, commodity exchange, etc., and a social consultation mechanism is indispensable. It is not difficult for a cooperative society to choose what form of consultation mechanism to use. Cooperation is preceded by a process of consultation. Consultation is a process of reaching consensus and is one of the basic forms of cooperation. As for behavioral norms, in a cooperative society where mutual love is the emotional tone, there is no need for behavioral norms to constrain individual behavior. Cooperation is the starting point of behavior, and based on this, people are very clear about what they can and cannot do. In other words, a cooperative society does not need laws to maintain its existence. For a social individual who is loved by everyone, he has no reason to hurt others. He can do whatever he likes as long as it does not hurt others and society.

In short, a cooperative society is a normal society suitable for human survival. In a cooperative society, there is a clear cooperative relationship between people. People depend on each other, divide the work and cooperate with each other. People are close to each other and care for each other. Because there is no need for competition, people do not need to be on guard against each other or keep a safe distance. Relying on scientific knowledge, humans can correctly handle the relationship between humans and nature, as well as the relationship between humans.

Solving social problems

Relying on the science and technology provided by innovators, everyone should be able to live a prosperous life without worrying about basic needs. However, due to the lack of scientific social ideas, laborers, as the majority of society, are controlled by a minority through various means such as violence, money, and culture, and are always in a situation of insecurity and helplessness. As the functional cells that maintain the existence of society, it is abnormal for laborers to feel this way, and such a society has problems.

Who can solve social problems? Of course, they are normal social cells that exercise social responsibility to ensure the existence of society, that is, laborers. The problem is solved by those who get something for nothing? This is a joke. They have always been the creators of social problems. Solving social problems cannot be done by one or a few people, but by all the laborers. Laborers should not have any illusions that someone can turn things around. One person's ability is so small that it is impossible to change the social situation. Laborers are the majority of society, and as long as they are willing, it is very easy to solve the problem. Laborers only need to break free from the ideological constraints of traditional competition culture and accept the social outlook of cooperation, and then this social outlook will become the mainstream view of society. Once the mainstream social outlook is established, social problems will be solved and the social status will change accordingly.

If Laborers want to solve social problems, they must have the ability to solve them. Accepting the social idea of cooperation and establishing cooperative groups are two necessary conditions for solving problems.

Laborers must have a basic scientific view of society. Laborers must understand that only through cooperation can they have the ability to protect the fruits of their labor and their personal safety. Since individual laborers who have been atomized by traditional culture have no concept of cooperation with each other, they do not have such ability. The purpose of atomizing laborers is to avoid their cooperation. Laborers need to understand that traditional social culture is intentionally created. Whoever controls the minds of laborers controls society. If laborers want to live without worries, care for each other and live in social harmony, they can only accept the social idea of cooperation and establish a cooperative group of laborers.

If laborers are to accept the idea of cooperation, it is essential to spread the idea of cooperation. Whether laborers are willing to spread the idea of cooperation depends on their understanding of cooperation and their recognition of a cooperative society. For most laborers, feeling depressed, helpless, hopeless, pessimistic, frustrated, lonely, etc. in a competitive social environment is common, as is the desire for change. If there is hope for change, most laborers are willing to accept the idea of cooperation and to spread it.

Humans survive in the form of group cooperation, which is the way of survival chosen by human ancestors in order to cope with the competitive environment. Even today with advanced technology, it is difficult for human individuals to survive independently. However, in the artificial competitive social environment, people are dominated by the idea of competition and think that they can survive independently. But in fact, they cannot.

The only way for laborers to change their passive situation is to form a group, that is, to rebuild a cooperative society. Laborers have always been the majority of society. If laborers accept the idea of competition, then society will be a competitive society; if laborers accept the idea of cooperation, then society will be a cooperative society. Those who get something for nothing can control society only if they control the social outlook of the laborers. In fact, what society looks like depends entirely on the social outlook of the laborers.

A cooperative society is a single cooperative group, and cooperation is the only social thought. The fundamental purpose of cooperation is survival, and any concept beyond survival cannot exist. In other words, in a cooperative society, any social ideology that discriminates against and excludes others is not allowed to exist. In a cooperative society there is no racial or national distinction. Races and ethnicities are the result of artificially created traditional cultures. All social individuals have only one identity: laborers.

The establishment of labor groups is the result of a cooperative consensus among laborers. Cooperative survival is the basic principle. To transition from a pathological competitive society to a normal cooperative society, laborers must clarify cooperative relationships and establish groups of laborers. Only in this way can laborers have collective power and be able to protect themselves. To establish a group of laborers, it is necessary to set up laborers identification marks so that laborers can easily know who their collaborators are.

Building an information network can refer to neural networks. Communication of information between laborers is necessary. A cooperative society is a union that connects all individuals by sharing information. Sharing information is one of the necessary conditions for cooperation. Competitors do not need to communicate with each other. In order to compete, confidentiality is needed. Even if there is information released and passed on, it is fake news based on competition by competitors. Nowadays, computer networks are the main channel for disseminating information, and laborers should establish their own information sites.

Laborers should understand why we should cooperate and why we should love each other. A family full of love is a happy one, and the same goes for society. A society full of love is a happy one. Cooperation is the source of love, and competition is the source of hate. A cooperative society is not a fantasy, but a healthy and normal society. Laborers should break through the traditional concept of family. A cooperative society is actually a big family of mutual help and love.

Nature provides the environment for human survival, and human beings should protect it rather than destroy it; laborers produce what everyone needs for life, and what laborers should receive is gratitude rather than exploitation and oppression. The decisive factor in all this is people's social thinking. For laborers, the only way to get all this on track is to abandon the man-made traditional concept of competition and accept the social concept of cooperation.

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